Agriculture

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Chapter 10

• Agriculture

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Economic Activities

• Primary Sector
• The primary sector of the economy extracts or
  harvests products from the earth.
• The primary sector includes the production of raw
  material and basic foods.
• Activities associated with the primary sector
  include agriculture (both subsistence and
  commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing,
  hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying.
• The packaging and processing of the raw material
  associated with this sector is also considered to
  be part of this sector.

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Primary Sector
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Secondary Sector The secondary sector of the
economy manufactures finished goods. All of
manufacturing, processing, and construction lies
within the secondary sector. Activities
associated with the secondary sector include
metal working and smelting, automobile
production, textile production, chemical and
engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing,
energy utilities, engineering, breweries and
bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.
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Secondary Sector Jobs
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• Tertiary Sector
• The tertiary sector of the economy is the service
  industry. This sector provides services to the
  general population and to businesses.
• Activities associated with this sector include
  retail and wholesale sales, transportation and
  distribution, entertainment (movies, television,
  radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants,
  clerical services, media, tourism, insurance,
  banking, healthcare, and law.
• In most developed and developing countries, a
  growing proportion of workers are devoted to the
  tertiary sector. In the U.S., more than 80 of
  the labor force are tertiary workers.

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Tertiary Sector
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Quaternary Sector

• The quaternary sector of the economy consists of
  intellectual activities.
• Activities associated with this sector include
  government, culture, libraries, scientific
  research, education, and information technology.

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First Agricultural Revolution

• The planned cultivation of seed crops.
• Sowing, watering, harvesting
• Fertile Crescent

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Subsistence Agriculture in the Modern World
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What does subsistence farming mean?

• In the strictest senseonly grow enough to
  survive
• Today we use it to describe societies where
  farmers, with small plots sometimes sell a few
  pounds of grain on the market, but where poverty
  is a way of life

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Second Agricultural Revolution

• Similar to the Industrial Revolution in that this
  was composed of a series of innovations,
  improvements, and techniques that would generate
  the kinds of surpluses needed to feed thousands
  of people who worked the factories instead of the
  fields.

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Von Thünen's Model of Land Use

• Early in the 19th century Johann Heinrich von
  Thünen (1783-1850) developed a model of land use
  that showed how market processes could determine
  how land in different locations would be used.
• Von Thünen was a skilled farmer who was
  knowledgeable in economics.

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Think of a bulls eye!

• Nearest the town, farmers produced commodities
  that were perishable and commanded high prices,
  such as dairy products and strawberries.
• At this level, Von Thunen believed agriculture
  would be produced with a high level of intensity.

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• It is simplest to explain von Thünen's model in
  terms of agricultural land use but it is not
  limited to that land use.
• Suppose the land surrounding a city market can be
  used for
• truck farms for growing tomatoes
• orchards for growing apples
• wheat farms

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The costs for transporting the crops from these
uses differ. Let bx be the cost for transporting
the product of one acre of land use x a distance
of one mile. Furthermore, suppose b tomatoesgt
bapples gt bwheat
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• Let us now plot a graph in which the horizontal
  axis is the distance from the city and the
  vertical axis is the land rent that a user can
  pay.
• Consider first the land rent tomato growers can
  pay at various distances from the city.
• Farmers at greater distances can pay only a lower
  rent because of the higher transportation costs
  for hauling their product to the city.

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Intensive or Extensive?

• Tomatoes
• Corn
• Dairy products
• Wheat
• Strawberries
• Potatoes

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• Society
• Increased food security for growing populations

Thomas Malthus??? What did he say
again? Possible solution GMO Genetically
Modified Organism, AKA Genetically Modified
Food
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Pros and Cons of Genetically Modified Food
genetically-modified foods food plants that have
been genetically altered by the addition of
foreign genes to enhance a desired trait.
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• Benefits
• Crops
• Enhanced taste and quality
• Reduced maturation time
• Increased nutrients, yields, and stress tolerance
  
• Improved resistance to disease, pests, and
  herbicides
• New products and growing techniques

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• Animals
• Increased resistance, productivity, hardiness,
  and feed efficiency
• Better yields of meat, eggs, and milk
• Improved animal health and diagnostic methods

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• Environment
• "Friendly" bioherbicides and bioinsecticides
• Conservation of soil, water, and energy
• Bioprocessing for forestry products
• Better natural waste management
• More efficient processing

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• Controversies
• Safety
• Potential human health impacts, including
  allergens, transfer of antibiotic resistance
  markers, unknown effects
• Potential environmental impacts, including
  unintended transfer of transgenes through
  cross-pollination, unknown effects on other
  organisms (e.g., soil microbes), and loss of
  flora and fauna biodiversity

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• Access and Intellectual Property
• Domination of world food production by a few
  companies
• Increasing dependence on industrialized nations
  by developing countries
• Biopiracy, or foreign exploitation of natural
  resources

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• Ethics
• Violation of natural organisms' intrinsic values
• Tampering with nature by mixing genes among
  species
• Objections to consuming animal genes in plants
  and vice versa
• Stress for animal

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• Labeling
• Not mandatory in some countries (e.g., United
  States)
• Mixing GM crops with non-GM products confounds
  labeling attempts

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• Society
• New advances may be skewed to interests of rich
  countries

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Agribusiness
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The Endor is it?
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Oh waittheres more
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And even more????
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Last onefor reals!
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vhVrIyEu6h_E