The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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Why Britain Led the Way

• Natural Resources Climate, natural resources
• (iron coal), Waterways harbors, location
• Separation from Europe kept them out of wars
• Good Government Available money, encourages
  inventions trade, finances roads canals, low
  taxes
• Large labor force need jobs and less
• rigid than other European countries
• Available Capital Ready Markets
• Colonial Empire supplied raw materials for
  manufacturing, colonies provide ready market for
  goods
• Advantage of being 1st no competition,
• held monopoly on technology

3
Economics Systems

• Before Industrial Rev
• MERCANTILISM - nations increase wealth by
  exporting MORE than importing
• After Industrializing
• CAPITALISM - private ownership free competition
  profit, based on supply demand

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Cottage Industry
Cottage Industry

• Merchants supply wool cotton to carding
  cottages
• Next take to spinning cottage for weaving dying
  cloth
• Merchants sell finished product for more than
  material labor PROFIT (early capitalism!)

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Effects profits for merchants more income for
peasants Early Capitalism!
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Capitalism
Effects of the Cottage Industry

• An economic system based on private ownership,
  free competition profit
• Big profits for new class of merchants
• Alternative source of income for peasants
• Need to support influx of factory workers

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Textile Industry Invented

• Cottage industry couldnt keep up with demand for
  textiles
• Spinning jenny, water frame, spinning mule
  improved spinning
• Power loom sped up weaving
• Cotton gin separated seeds from cotton

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New Inventions
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Rise of the Factory

• New machines, often too big for homes, were put
  in factories
• Factories located near power source coal, iron,
  water

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Effects

• Less expensive mass produced textilesTextile
  industry explodesVillagers forced to find work
  in urban factories
• Need for more efficient sources of energy

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The need for energy

• Early factories relied on horses, oxen, water
  mills
• Steam engine evolved in response to the
  increasing need for power

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Steam Engine

• Steam forced from high to
• low pressure produces power
• Effects
• Used where ever coal existed.
• Increased textile production.
• Improved mining which increased metals which in
  turn fueled other industries.

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The need for Iron

• Farming tools, new factory machinery, railways
• Smelting makes iron more pure, but requires coal

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The need for Coal

• Carbon necessary for smelting iron
• Steam engines powered by coal

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Effect of Iron Coal

• Britain produced more iron than all other
  countries of the world combined
• Coal powered Britain's enormous navy

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Working Conditions

• Without proper safety regulations-factories were
  very dangerous
• Steam engines led to high temperatures within the
  factories
• Long exhausting work days
• Conditions led to high injury and death rates
• Child labor was exploited

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Child Labour in Britain
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Reforms

• Factory Act 1819 Limited the hours worked by
  children to a maximum of 12 per day.
• Factory Act 1833 Children under 9 banned from
  working in the textiles industry and 10-13 year
  olds limited to a 48 hour week.
• Factory Act 1844 Maximum of 12 hours work per
  day for Women.
• Factory Act 1847 Maximum of 10 hours work per
  day for Women and children.
• Factory Act 1850 Increased hours worked by Women
  and children to 10 and a half hours a day, but
  not allowed to work before 6am or after 6pm.
• 1874 No worker allowed to work more than 56.5
  hours per week.

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Inventions

• Stone eventually asphalt roads
• Canals
• Railroad era ushered in with the Rocket in 1829

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Transportation

• Increased production increased need to transport
  goods quickly cheaply
• Stone asphalt roads
• Canals
• Railroads

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Effects of Railroads

• Spread quickly across England
• Cheap transportation increased production
  profits
• RRs fuel other industries coal, steam engines,
• Iron, steel, and manufacturing