Unit Standards:

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• Unit Standards
• SSWH13 The student will examine the
  intellectual, political, social, and economic
  factors that changed the world view of Europeans.
  
• SSWH14 The student will analyze the Age of
  Revolutions and Rebellions.
• EQ What contributed to the rise of absolute
  monarchies?

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Agenda

• Activator What was Tulip Mania? How does it
  relate to recent economic developments?
• Quick Check
• Louis XIV Notes/Activities

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Background

• France suffered through three weak and
  incompetent kings.
• There were 8 religious wars fought in France
  between 1562 and 1598.
• These kings were followed by Henry of Navarre
  (Henry IV).
• Henry IV was the first king of the Bourbon
  dynasty.

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Religious Wars and Power Struggles

• Henry was Protestant, but he chose to convert to
  Catholicism to promote peace.
• Henry IV then issued the Edict of Nantes, which
  allowed the French Huguenots, who were
  Protestants, to live in peace in France.

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• Henry spent his reign rebuilding France and its
  prosperity.
• Henry IV was followed as king by his son, Louis
  XIII.
• Louis was a weak king but he appointed a strong
  minister that made up for his weaknesses.

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Absolutism Cont.

• Cardinal Richelieu, Louis XIIIs chief minister,
  strengthened the power of the monarchy.
• Richelieu moved against the Huguenots (French
  Protestants), weakened the nobles, and increased
  the power of government agents.

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Writers Turn to Skepticism

• Michel de Montaigne developed the essay form to
  express his views on government policy and stated
  that humans could never have absolute knowledge
  of what is true.
• Rene Descartes, in his Meditations on First
  Philosophy, laid the foundations for the
  scientific method by stressing observation.

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Create a Frayer Model for Skepticism
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Louis XIV

• Ruled from 1643-1715 (became king at five, gained
  real power at 23)
• Emphasized strong monarchy because of fear of
  disorder without it
• Known as the Sun King.
• One of the keys to Louiss power was his control
  of the central policy-making machinery of
  government.
• Held his royal court at Versailles.

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• Louis XIV appointed intendants government
  agents who collected taxes and administered laws.
• Louis XIV increased the power of intendants at
  the expense of the nobility

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Louis XIV

• Versailles
• Symbol of wealth, power, and glory
• Nullified the independent powers of the nobility
  by forcing them to come to Versailles
• Nobles reduced to a fringe group with few real
  powers and responsibilities, but tax exempt in
  exchange
• Poor carry most of the tax burden
• Chose top advisors from the middle-class
• Served as the eyes and ears of the monarch
  (intendants)
• Built the best-trained, most reliable bureaucracy
  available

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Impact of Louis XIV

• The cost of building palaces, maintaining his
  court, and wars made finances a crucial issue for
  Louis XIV.
• Due to the war-like reign of Louis many European
  nations began to form coalitions to prevent him
  from dominating Europe.
• Louis death left France with great debts
  surrounded by enemies.

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• During the 17th century, Prussia, Austria, and
  Russia became great European states.

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Absolutism in Central Europe

• Maria Theresa was the absolute monarch of
  Austria.
• Decreased the power of the nobility and placed
  limits on the work load of peasants.
• Mother of Marie Antoinette.

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Central Europe Cont.

• Frederick the Great was the absolute ruler of
  Prussia.
• Encouraged religious toleration and legal reform.
• Very aggressive in foreign policy.

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Peter the Great

• Expanded the borders of the Russian Empire.
• Adopted many Western practices to improve the
  culture and economy of his empire.

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Peter the Great

• Forced Russian nobility to adopt the ways of
  western Europe
• Brought thousands of foreign specialists to
  contract or teach
• Expanded borders in all directions
• Established St. Petersburg
• Russias window to the west
• Nobility used to govern country, to act as eyes
  and ears in exchange for privileges (land and tax
  break)
• Modernized military, built navy
• Used military power against foreign enemies and
  peasant rebels
• Brought the Eastern Orthodox Church under his
  direct authority, using the clergy as government
  agents

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Tokugawa Shogunate

• Ieyasu took the title of shogun in 1603.
• Governed his own lands and, at the same time,
  set national policy on behalf of the emperor in
  Kyoto.
• Issued in the Great Peace
• Made the class system more rigid.

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Tokugawa Ieyasu

• Took control of daimyo lands and reassigned
• Set up a system (sankin-kotai) where daimyos
  (lords) had to travel to Edo every other year to
  pay a full year of service
• Kept the daimyos weak
• A select group (metsuke) act as eyes and ears of
  state
• Peasant class actually respected, but disarmed
• Christianity in Japan since 1543
• Already outlawed before Tokugawa, but took extra
  measures to persecute
• Some Christians go underground but the majority
  forced to give up their religion