State

1
State

• A territory with defined boundaries
• A population with a common identity-not
  necessarily national
• Internal administration, government
• Diplomatic recognition
• Sovereignty

2
International system

• Units/agents/actors
• Structure
• Interdependence between units/agents
• Regular interactions between units
• Functional differentiation between units

3
International system

• Nature of units/relative capabilities determine
  structure
• i.e. distribution of power if there is
  concentration of power in one state-unipolar
  system
• in two states-bipolar
• In three states-tripolar

4
Types of international systems

• Independent state system
• Hegemonic state system-one preponderant state
  determine basic rules
• Imperial state system-supremacy of one state-loss
  of sovereignty for the other units
• Feudal system

5
Greek city states

• Athens-Sparta rival city states
• Start as an independent state system
• End up as dual hegemony system
• Persian threat-lead to military power in
  Athens-increase tendencies of hegemonic rule

6
Roman empire

• Encompass all of Europe, Middle East and Africa
• Major restructuring of these areas under imperial
  state system
• Introduce ideas of international law and
  international society

7
Roman inputs to IR theory

• Stoics-ability to reason sets humanity apart-so
  universal laws of humanity
• Natural rights and equality of people
• Universal image of humanity that goes beyond the
  boundaries of city states

8
Medieval Europe

• Fall of Rome-476 A.D decentralization of
  political authority
• Only major authority is religious/political-Cathol
  ic church
• Holy Roman empire-Charlemagne 800 A.D-major
  political organization

9
Feudal Europe

• Public authority in private hands-
• Lords controlled their own territory-private
  possession
• Predominance of lords over kings
• Fragmentation and decentralization of power
• defined authority in terms of a hierarchy of
  personal relations, with only loose reference to
  territorial rights.

10
Power and authority of the Church

• Central authority
• Legitimation of the secular rulers- kings through
  papal authority
• That is because he is the presumptive living
  embodiment of Christs will
• Owns 1/3rd of all land in Europe
• Cannot be taxed
• Pope represent highest authority and kings are
  subservient to Pope

11
Emergence of sovereign states

• Kings acquire financial resources-taxes and
  coercive power-right to use force
• Clash between secular and religious order
• Questioning of religious authority of the
  Church-as kings gain power they question the
  central authority of the Church

12
Impact of reformation

• Divide secular and religious authority
• Open the road for a political authority
• Oppose centralization under the Church

13
Peace of Westphalia

• 1618-1648 Thirty years Wars-Holy Roman
  empire-protestants vs.catholics
• Shifting balance of power-as in Peloponnesian
  Wars
• Westphalia-1648 ended the central authority of
  the church

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Post Westphalian order

• sovereignty-not recognize a higher authority than
  ones own
• Territoriality-right to political authority over
  a well defined area
• Autonomy-no external actors enjoys authority in
  that area
• Independent state system

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Article LXIV (64)

• And to prevent for the future any Differences
  arising in the Politick State, all and every one
  of the Electors, Princes and States of the Roman
  Empire, are so establishd and confirmd in their
  antient, Prerogatives, Libertys, Privileges, free
  exercise of Territorial Right, as well
  Ecclesiastick, as Politick Lordships, Regales, by
  virtue of this present Transaction that they
  never can or ought to be molested therein by any
  whomsoever upon any manner of pretence
• Article 64 establishes territoriality and the
  right of the state to choose its own religion, as
  well as the right to noninterference by other
  states in any of these matters.

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Article LXV (65)

• They shall enjoy without contradiction, the Right
  of Suffrage in all Deliberations touching the
  Affairs of the Empire but above all, when the
  Business in hand shall be the making or
  interpreting of Laws, the declaring of Wars,
  imposing of Taxes.. Above all, it shall be free
  perpetually to each of the States of the Empire,
  to make Alliances with Strangers for their
  Preservation and Safety provided, nevertheless,
  such Alliances be not against the Emperor, and
  the Empire, nor against the Publick Peace, and
  this Treaty, and without prejudice to the Oath by
  which every one is bound to the Emperor and the
  Empire.
• This article establishes that no supernational
  authority (i.e., the Catholic Church or the Holy
  Roman Empire) can make or negate alliances made
  between sovereigns for the purpose of protecting
  their respective states security

18
Article 67

• Article 67 establishes that sovereign states can
  determine their own domestic policies, free from
  external pressures and with full Jurisdiction
  within the inclosure of theirWalls and their
  Territorys.

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Sovereign state

• Make treaties with other sovereign states
• Do not interfere in domestic politics of others
• Develop strong controls over its borders
• Actively engage in state building activities

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Westphalian order

• a system of territorially organized states
  operating in an anarchic environment
• Constitutionally independent (sovereign) actors
• have exclusive authority to rule within their own
  borders.
• sovereignty is exclusive property rights
  exercised over a definite territorial space,

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Territoriality

• all the landmass of the world is carved up into
  spatially exclusive units
• states do not have overlapping jurisdictions
  regarding territory (exceptions??)
• states have borders that serve to physically
  protect from outside threats
• Promote economic objectives/cultural values
• brings together physical space and public
  authority.

22
Territoriality vs.authority

• Political organization is territorial when the
  legal reach of public authority is coterminous
  with certain spatial boundaries,
• Does this mean there are other types of authority
  that is not territorial?
• Contrast to medieval political organization-multip
  le forms of authority coexist

23
Krasner-organized hypocrisy

• Territory
• recognition,
• Autonomy
• Control
• These are the attributes of sovereignty
• However, very few states possess all of them

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Uses of sovereignty

• control over borders,
• external recognition,
• ultimate right to decide,
• Capacity to exclude external authority structures.