Language of Medicine

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The Language Of Medicine Dr. Michael P. Gillespie
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Chapter 19Cancer Medicine (Oncology)
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Chapter Goals

• Identify medical terms that describe the growth
  and spread of tumors.
• Recognize terms related to the causes, diagnosis,
  and treatment of cancer.
• Review how tumors are classified and described by
  pathologists.

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Chapter Goals

• Describe x-ray studies, laboratory tests, and
  other procedures used by physicians for
  determining the presence and extent of spread
  (staging) of tumors.
• Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical
  terms in their proper contexts, such as medical
  reports and records.

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Introduction

• Cancer characterized by unrestrained and
  excessive growth of cells
• Malignant tumors compress, invade and destroy
  surrounding tissues

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Cancer

• Cancer is responsible for 20 of all deaths in
  the United States.
• More than half of people who develop cancer are
  cured.

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QUICK QUIZ

• Which cancers are the most common causes of
  cancer death for women?
• lung, breast, colorectal
• lung, colorectal, breast
• breast, lung, colorectal
• colorectal, breast, lung

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QUICK QUIZ

• Which cancers are the most common causes of
  cancer death for men?
• lung, prostate, colorectal
• lung, colorectal, prostate
• prostate, lung, colorectal
• colorectal, prostate, lung

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Characteristics of Tumors
Neoplasms (Tumors) growths that arise from
normal tissue

• Malignant
• Multiply rapidly
• Invasive and infiltrative
• Undifferentiated
• Metastasize

• Benign
• Grow slowly
• Encapsulated
• Differentiated
• Dont spread

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Characteristics of Tumors
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What Causes Cancer?

• Carcinogenesis transformation of a normal cell
  to a cancerous one
• Damage to genetic material

• Genes
• Nucleotides
• Mutation
• Apoptosis

• DNA function
• Mitosis
• Protein synthesis

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Carcinogenesis

• Environmental Agents
• Chemical carcinogens
• Radiation
• Viruses (RNA and DNA)
• Oncogenes (ras/colon cancer, myc/lymphoma, and
  bcr-abl/chronic myelogenous leukemia)
• Heredity
• Retinoblastoma, polyposis coli

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Genes Implicated in Hereditary Cancers
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Classification of Cancerous Tumors

• Carcinomas epithelial cell origin, 90 of all
  malignancies are carcinomas

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Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which
They Derive
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Carcinomas and the Epithelial Tissues from Which
They Derive
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Classification of Cancerous Tumors

• Sarcomas connective tissue origin, 5 of all
  malignancies

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Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which
They Derive
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Sarcomas and the Connective Tissues from Which
They Derive
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Classification of Cancerous Tumors

• Mixed Tissue Tumors tissues capable of
  differentiating into epithelial and connective
  tissue

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Pathological DescriptionsGross

• Cystic
• Fungating
• Inflammatory
• Medullary

• Necrotic
• Polypoid
• Ulcerating
• Verrucous

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Pathological DescriptionsMicroscopic

• Alveolar
• Carcinoma in situ
• Diffuse
• Dysplastic
• Epidermoid
• Follicular

• Nodular
• Papillary
• Pleomorphic
• Scirrhous
• Undifferentiated

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Grading and Staging of Tumors

• Grade degree of maturity or differentiation
  under the microscope
• Stage extent of spread in the body

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International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer
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International TNM Staging System for Lung Cancer
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Cancer Treatment Surgery

• Excisional biopsy
• Exenteration
• Fine needle aspiration biopsy
• Fulguration
• Incisional biopsy

• Cauterization
• Core needle biopsy
• Cryosurgery
• En bloc resection

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Cancer Treatment Radiation Therapy (Radiation
Oncology)

• Brachytherapy
• Electron beams
• External beam radiation (teletherapy)
• Fields
• Fractionation
• Gray (Gy)
• Linear accelerator

• Photon therapy
• Proton therapy
• Radiocurable tumor
• Radioresistant tumor
• Radiosensitive tumor
• Radiosensitizers

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Radiation Therapy Side Effects

• Alopecia (baldness)
• Fibrosis (increase in connective tissue)
• Mucositis (inflammation and ulceration of mucous
  membranes
• Myelosuppression (bone marrow depression)
• Nausea and vomiting
• Pneumonitis
• Xerostomia (dryness of mouth)

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Chemotherapy, Biological Therapy, and
Differentiating Agents

• Alkylating agents
• Antibiotics
• Antimetabolites
• Antimitotics
• Hormonal agents

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Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers
They Treat
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Cancer Chemotherapeutic Agents and the Cancers
They Treat
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Mechanisms of Action of Cancer Chemotherapeutic
Agents
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Biological Agents

• Agents that use or fortify the bodys own
  defenses against tumors (e.g, biological response
  modifiers/interferon)

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Combining Forms
Combining Forms
follicul/o fung/i medull/o mucos/o mut/a mutagen/o
onc/o papill/o
pharmac/o plas/o ple/o polyp/o prot/o radi/o sarc/
o scirrh/o xer/o
alveol/o cac/o carcin/o cauter/o chem/o cry/o cyst
/o fibr/o
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Suffixes Prefixes

• ana-
• apo-
• brachy-
• epi-
• meta-
• tele-

• -blastoma
• -genesis
• -oma
• -plasia
• -plasm
• -suppression
• -therapy

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Clinical Procedures to Detect or Treat
Malignancies

• Laparoscopy
• Mammography
• MRI
• Needle biopsy
• Radionuclide scans
• Ultrasound
• X-rays

• Bone marrow biopsy
• Bone marrow or stem cell transplant
• CT scans
• Fiberoptic colonoscopy
• Exfoliative cytology