Leadership

1
Leadership Management

• Reading for Lesson 12
• The Power of Perception

2
Lesson 12Reading Objectives

• 1. The student will comprehend the effect of the
  following on leadership situations
•   a.  Perception
• b. Perceptual biases
• c. Errors

3
Lesson 12Reading Objectives

• 2. The student will comprehend and apply the
  following concepts
•   a.  Attribution
• b.  Fundamental Attribution Error
• c.  Perceptual Set
• d.  Self-Serving Bias
• e.  Actor/Observer Difference
• f.  Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

4
Lesson 12Discussion Objectives

• 1. The student will comprehend the effect of the
  following on leadership situations
•   a.  Perception
• b. Perceptual Biases
• c. Errors

5
Lesson 12Discussion Objectives

• 2. The student will comprehend and apply the
  following concepts
•   a.  Attribution
• b.  Fundamental Attribution Error
• c.  Perceptual Set
• d.  Self-Serving Bias
• e.  Actor/Observer Difference
• f.  Self-Fulfilling Prophecy

6
Perception Observation

• FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT
• OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY
• COMBINED WITH THE
• EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

7
Perception Observation (Cont.)

• FINISHED FILES ARE THE RESULT
• OF YEARS OF SCIENTIFIC STUDY
• COMBINED WITH THE
• EXPERIENCE OF MANY YEARS.

8
Stroop Test

• Demonstrates brains emphasis toward
  pre-conceived ideas versus true observation.
• Demonstrates conditioned response and
  association.
• Read the following words as quickly as
  possiblethen the following slide.

9
Stroop Test (Cont.)

• Green Red Blue
• Yellow Blue Yellow

10
Stroop Test (Cont.)

• Green Red Blue
• Yellow Blue Yellow

11
Stroop Test (Cont.)

• Blue Yellow Red
• Green Yellow Green

12
Perception

• The process individuals use to make sense out of
  the environment by selecting, organizing and
  interpreting information from the environment
• Perceptions vary because individuals differ in
  what they perceive and how they organize and
  interpret it
• Superiors, peers and subordinates judge a
  leaders performance primarily by perceptions of
  intentions and effectiveness

13
Perceptual Biases

• Perceptions are based on limited observation and
  incomplete information.
• Subordinates do not see hear everything that
  occurs in a particular leadership situation
• They are selective in what they perceive
• This selectivity leads to the tendency or bias to
  perceive one thing and not another

14
Errors

• Errors in perceptual judgment arise from
  inaccuracies in any part of the perception
  process
• Errors may be due to subordinate experience
• Leaders actions may cause misperceptions

15
Perception and Leadership

• The effect of perception, perceptual biases and
  errors on leadership situations
• We tend to see our own success due to diligence,
  personality or physical abilities
• We tend to perceive others success as more
  attributable to situational factors or luck

16
Aspects of Perception

• Attribution
• Explanation we develop in our own mind for the
  behaviors or actions we attend to
• Fundamental Attribution Error
• Tendency to overestimate the dispositional causes
  of behavior and underestimate the environmental
  causes

17
Aspects of Perception (Cont.)

• Perceptual Set
• Tendency or bias to perceive one thing and not
  another
• Self-Serving Bias
• Tendency to make external attributions (i.e.,
  blame the situation) for ones own failures, yet
  make internal attributions (i.e., take credit)
  for ones successes

18
Aspects of Perception (Cont.)

• Actor/Observer Difference
• People who are observing an action are much more
  likely than the actor to make the fundamental
  attribution error
• Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
• Occurs when expectations or predictions play a
  causal role in bringing about the events we
  predict

19
Questions?

• ???