Chapter 3: Introduction to the Periodic Table

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Chapter 3 Introduction to the Periodic Table

• Section 3.2 Using the Periodic Table

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• Objectives Relate an elements valence electron
  structure to its position in the periodic table,
  Use the periodic table to classify an element as
  a metal, nonmetal or metalloid, Compare the
  properties of metals, nonmetals or metalloids

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Arrangement

• Elements are arranged according to atomic number
• Atomic number electrons/ protons
•  
• PERIOD- horizontal row in the table
• GROUP (family)- vertical column in the table
• For elements in group 1 and 2
• The group number equals the number of valence
  electrons
• For elements in groups 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18
• The second digit in the group number is equal to
  the number of valence electrons

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Arrangement

• Elements in the same group have the same number
  of valence electrons, similar properties
•  http//www.ptable.com/
• Alkali metals are elements in Group 1 (most
  reactive metals)
• Alkaline earth metals are elements in Group 2
• Halogens are elements in Group 17 (most
  reactive nonmetals)
•   NOBLE GASES Elements in Group 18
• Maximum 8 valence electron- unreactive octet
  rule

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Physical states of elements

• Most elements are solid, only 2 elements are
  liquid (Br, Hg)
•  
• Gaseous elements are in the upper-right corner of
  the table, except hydrogen
•  
• Some elements are not found in nature- synthetic
  elements are produced artificially
• Include Element 43, Technetium
• All elements after element 92, Uranium

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Classifying Elements

• Majority of elements are metals- left side and
  center
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• Nonmetals- upper-right-hand corner
•  
• Metalloids- along the boundary between metals and
  nonmetals
• http//www.ptable.com/

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METALS

• Metals have 1, 2, or 3 valence electrons - except
  Lead, Bismuth, and Tin
• Strong and durable
• Have luster, conduct heat and electricity
• Usually bend without breaking
• All metals are solid at room temp, except Hg
• Good conductors
•  

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METALS

• TRANSITION ELEMENTS Elements in groups 3
  through 12 of the periodic table
• Predicting behavior and properties of transition
  metals is complicated due to the atomic structure
  of these elements
•  Inner Transition Elements
• Placed below the periodic table- proper position
  would make table too wide

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METALS

• LANTHANIDES- first series of inner transition
  elements
• Elements 58-71, also called rare earth elements
•  
• ACTINIDES- second series of inner transition
  elements
• Elements 90-103, all are radioactive

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NONMETALS

• Poor conductors of electricity and heat, and are
  brittle as solids
•  
• Many are gases at room temperature, lower melting
  points than metals
• Nonmetals have 5, 6, 7, 8 valence electrons,
  except Carbon

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Metals and Nonmetals

• Atomic Structure
• Metals
• Valence electrons are loosely bound to the
  positive nucleus
• Electrons are free to move in the solid metal and
  are easily lost
• This motion allows for their good conductivity

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METALLOIDS

• Elements that have chemical and physical
  properties of metals and nonmetals
• Ex Silicon, Germanium, Arsenic
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• Form border between metals and nonmetals
• Some metalloids are semiconductors.

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METALLOIDS

• SEMICONDUCTOR Element that does not conduct
  electricity as well as metal, but does conduct
  slightly better than a nonmetal
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• Valence electrons in nonmetals and metalloids are
  tightly held to the nucleus
• In reactions, nonmetals tend to share or gain
  electrons
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vu3GdpbKTPQQsafety_
  modetruepersist_safety_mode1safeactive

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METALLOIDS

• Semiconductor uses
• Used in electronic devices (circuits) TV,
  computers, calculators
•  
• Semiconductors are doped with a small amount of
  another element ? allows the movement of
  electrons ? produces electricity
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• p-type semiconductor- creates holes that allows
  electrons to move in and out
• n- type semiconductor- extra electrons present
  are free to move

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METALLOIDS

• Transistors, diodes, and other semiconductors are
  incorporated onto thin slices of silicon (chip)
  to form integrated circuits ? growth of computer
  technology

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• MATCHING CONCEPTS 
• Match words or phrases in column 1 with words or
  phrases in column 2. It is possible to have
  multiple connectionsfind as many as you can!
  BUT, be able to justify the connection!
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• COLUMN 1 COLUMN 2
• Conductivity Inner Transition Element
• Group Family
• Nonmetal State of Matter
• Mendeleev Semiconductor
• Energy Level Metal
• Silver Alkali Metal
• Liquid Mercury
• Lanthanides Bromine
• Sodium Noble Gas
• Alkaline Earth Metal Group 2
• Group 18 Periodicity
• Halleys Comet Group 1
• Solid Magnesium
• Metalloid Actinide
• 7 Energy Levels Gas