Biology

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Biology

• Topic 1 Notes

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vjuxLuo-sH6Msafeac
tive
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Living organisms are both similar to and
different from each other. They also differ from
the nonliving parts of the environment. Character
istics of life
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1. Living things are organized
_________________. All are made of _______ or
more___________, which are the ___ ________
________ of structure and______________. They
maintain their cellular ______________ throughout
life.
STRUCTURES
one
cells
basic
units
Function
organization
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energy
2. Living things use _________to maintain
_______and to ___________ and__________. These
activities require that the cells carry out
various chemical reactions. The ____________ of
all the ____ ____ reactions that occur in an
___________ is called___________________.
grow
life
develop
combination
chemical
organism
metabolism
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stable
3. Living things maintain a fairly ______
__________ __________ even when their
_____________ environment changes_______________.
The maintenance of this _________ stability is
known as ______________. To maintain homeostasis,
organisms must ______________ and _____ ____ to
both their __________ and _____________environment
s.
environment
internal
external
dramatically
internal
homeostasis
adapt
respond
internal
external
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4. Living things pass ______________ information
to new ________________ of the same type in the
_________________ of_____________ .
hereditary
organisms
process
Reproduction
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Only living things share the __________________
of life. Nonliving things have no _____________
cells and no ____________ activity they do not
maintain________________ , nor do
they_____________ .
Characteristics
function
metabolic
homeostasis
reproduce
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Diversity among living things
Although living things share the ________________
of life, there are ________________ among the
many kinds of____________.
characteristics
differences
organisms
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Throughout history, people have tried to bring
________ to all the _________________ of life on
Earth by______ ___, or_________ , them. Several
classification systems have been popular at
different times. Currently, biologists classify
organisms into kingdoms, which are large groups
of related organisms.
order
varieties
grouping
classifying
K____________, P_____________, C_______________,
O______________, F_________________,
G_____________, S_______________
ingdom
hylum
lass
rder
enus
amily
https//www.youtube.com/watch?vM51AKJqx-7ssafea
ctive
pecies
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Similarities among living things
Although living things have many_________________,
they are also alike in ________________ ways.
The first _______________ is that they
___________ the ______________of life. They are
made of____________, _______________ ,
_______________ _____________ , and carry out
__________________ activities. They also share
similar________ _________, _______________
_____________ , and________________ .
differences
important
similarity
share
characteristics
cells
reproduce
maintain
homeostasis
metabolic
life
processes
chemical
composition
organization
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Organisms may differ in the way they carry out
these processes. Some of these life processes
include

• obtaining nutrients from the ______________ and
  _______________ them down for transport
• ______________________________ organism
• breaking ______________________________________
  ____________________ in them through the process
  known as cell ________________.

environment
breaking
transporting materials throughout
nutrients into smaller units to release the
chemical energy stored
respiration
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substances

• combining simple _______________ into
  ________________ substances during the process
  known as ________________.
• increasing the size or _____________ of cells
  through the process of ________________.
• removing ___________ products from the
  _____________ through the process known as
  ______________.
• responding to _______________ and
  _____________stimuli.
• _________________ more of their own ____________.

complex
synthesis
number
growth
waste
organism
excretion
internal
external
reproducing
species
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Chemical composition
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All living things are made of _________ main
elements_________, _______________,
_______________, and ____________-as well as many
other elements in ____________ amounts. The
elements combine to form____________________. Orga
nic molecules contain BOTH _____________ and
_______________.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
smaller
molecules
carbon
hydrogen
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DNA, protein, fats, and carbohydrates-such as
_______________ (C6H1206) and ____________________
-are organic molecules. __________________
molecules do not contain both carbon and
hydrogen, but can contain any other
____________________ of elements. Inorganic
molecules include salts and minerals,
__________________________________________________
_________________ , the most abundant substance
in any organism.
Glucose
starch
Inorganic
combination
most acids and bases, oxygen, carbon and water
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Organization
The basic structural and functional unit of
living things is the cell. Simple organisms may
consist of just ________cell complex organisms
may consist of _____________of cells. Most cells
contain __________________ structures
called_____________, which have specific
__________ maintenance ____________________.
one
billions
specialized
organelles
life
functions
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rganelles
O___________ ?c___________ ?t_______________
?o______________ ?_______________ ?______________
ells
issues
rgans
organ systems
organisms
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Review questions pg 18 s 1-10
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Cells The Basic Structure of life
Animal cell
Plant Cell
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Plant , animal, both
Cell organelle
Function
Controls cells metabolism and stores genetic
information (DNA in chromosomes).
Both
Nucleus
Storage sacs within the cytoplasm. They made
contain food, water or waste.
Vacuoles
Both
Used by cell to make proteins. Found on both the
rough endoplasmic reticulum and free floating in
the cell
Ribosomes
Both
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Plant , animal, both
Cell organelle
Function
Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER)
Found close to the nucleus, used to transport
materials, ribosomes are attached for protein
synthesis
Both
Used for transport of materials in the cell, but
does not contain ribosomes
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Both
Found near cell membrane. Function is to package
material in the cell. It puts both food and
waste into vacuoles
Golgi Apparatus
Both
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Plant , animal, both
Cell organelle
Function
Found in cytoplasm. Contain proteins called
enzymes which are used to extract energy from
food. Called the cells powerhouse because they
release most of the cells energy.
Mitochondria
Both
Green structures found in plants. Contain
chlorophyll which captures light energy to make
food.
Chloroplast
Plants only
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Plant , animal, both
Cell organelle
Function
Made of cellulose, used to provide structure in
plants
Cell wall
Plants only
Cell membrane
Thin membrane that surrounds all cells
both
Small organelles found in animal cells that aid
in cell division
Centrioles
Animal only
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Hw questions pg 6 questions 11-19
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The Cell membrane
-thin structure that surrounds the
cell. -made of fats(lipids), with proteins
embedded throughout.
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Main functions

• Separate cell contents from the outside
  environment
• Without this the cell could not maintain
  organization

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• Control the transport of materials into and out
  of the cell
• The membrane is semipermeable.
• Materials such as water, oxygen and food must be
  able to pass through
• There are 3 way that this can happen

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• Diffusionthis is when molecules move from a high
  concentration to a low concentration. They have
  to be small enough to pass through the membrane.

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Active transportthis is when materials are move
from a low concentration to a high concentration
by the use of energy. Like a pump.
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• Osmosis- type of diffusion, but only refers the
  transport of water.

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• Recognize and respond to chemical signals

Proteins on the cell membrane receive messages.
These proteins are called receptor molecules.
There is a specific receptor molecule for each
substance. They will not respond to other
chemicals, because it works like a lock and key.
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Hw pg 9 and 10 questions 20-35
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Multicellular organisms highly complex ,
require organs and systems to complete their life
processes.
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Human Body systems
Digestion-- Digestive systemincludes the
________, ____________, and __________________ as
well as other___________ . Food enters the
_________ through the ________ and is moved
__________ through the system by _____________
contractions.
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The _________ never ______________ enters the
_________ tissue. Instead, it is broken down both
__________________ (by chewing)
and___________________ . This produces molecules
that are ___________ enough to pass through cell
______________ and that can be ___________________
___ to wherever nutrients can be used by the
body. _________________ food is _____________
from the body as ____________ waste.
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Respiration-- Respiratory Systemincludes
__Mouth_____ and ____Nose______, and lungs. The
process of ___Respiration___________ uses
__Oxygen__________ to break down food
___Molecules_______ to release ___Energy_________.
The function of the __Respiratory______ system
is the ____exchange_______ of
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____Gases________ between the blood of the
___circulatory__________ system and the
________respiratory system______. The system
takes in ____oxygen______ for cell
___respiration____________ and ____transfers______
_____ it to the ___blood______. It also removes
__Carbon_____ dioxide-a waste of cell
respiration-from the __blood stream________ and
___releases___________ it from the body.
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Circulationcirculatory system
Circulation ____________ the _____________ of
______________ inside the cell as well as the
movement ____________ parts of a
_________________ organism. The function of the
_______________ circulatory system, shown in
Figure 1-10, is to ________________ materials
throughout the body.
INVOLVES
MOVEMENT
MATERIALS
BETWEEN
MULTICELLULAR
HUMAN
TRANSPORT
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SYSTEM
The _____________ carries ____________ food and
oxygen to cells. It also carries wastes from the
cells to the__________, _____________, and the
_________ for excretion. The blood vessels of the
system also carry chemical _______________
(hormones) and the ______________ that attack
foreign substances to give the body _____________
(antibodies). The human circulatory system
includes the ____________, blood ____________,
and ______________.
DIGESTED
LUNGS
KIDNEYS
SKIN
MESSENGERS
PROTEINS
IMMUNITY
HEART
BLOOD VESSELS
BLOOD
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Excretionexcretory system Many people confuse
the process of excretion with the removal of the
waste products of digestion. Excretion, however,
is actually the removal of all the waste produced
by the cells of the body. The excretory system,
shown in Figure l-16 includes the lungs and
kidneys as well as the sweat glands in the skin.
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ORGAN WASTE REMOVED DISORDER AFFECT ON HOMEOSTASIS
1. LIVER Old blood cells Toxins (drugs, alcohol) Cirrhosis Limits blood flow Excess tissue growth
KIDNEY UREA, SALTS ,WATER (urine) Nitrogenous waste from proteins Uremia Gout Kidney stones Waste not filtered Waste collects in joins causing pain Waste becomes solid and causes a blockage
Lung (alveoli) Carbon dioxide Asthma Difficulty getting oxygen to the blood.
Skin Heat Excess water Salts Burns Disrupts ability to maintain body temperature Infection cancer
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• Structures and Functions Urinary system
• Ureter Transports urine from kidney to bladder
• Renal vein moves blood away from kidney
• Renal artery moves blood to kidney
• Kidney filters blood
• Urinary bladder stores urine
• Urethra carries urine out of the body

3
2
4
1
5
Urethra
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7.
6.
6. Glomerulus network of capillaries (site of
exchange of materials) 7. Bowman's capsule
surrounds glomerus and collects materials to be
filtered out FILTRATION
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8.
9.
8. Collecting duct waste products collect here
and go to the ureter URINE PROCESSING 9. Renal
tube (loop of Henley) filtrates are collected
here. Substances that are not waste, re-enter
the circulatory system. SECRETION AND
REABSORPTION
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BLOOD PURIFICATION HAS 3 DISTINCT PROCESSES
WHERE DOES IS HAPPEN? MATERIALS INVOLVED
1. FILTRATION Nephron (glomerus, bowman's capsule) removal of water, salt, urea, glucose and amino acids
2. REABSORPTION Loop of Henley water and nutrients are reabsorbed
3. SECRETION Skin Urea, salt and water are removed in sweat.
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HOW DOES THIS SYSTEM PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN
MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS?
This system maintains homeostasis, by removing
nitrogenous (metabolic) waste from the blood and
body.
Cell membrane cell organelle
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MovementMuscular and skeletal systems Movement
of the body involves the interaction of muscles
and bones. The muscular and skeletal systems,
shown in Figure 1-12, work together to provide
movement and support for the body. These body
systems make it possible for the organism to
avoid danger and to find food, mates, and
shelter.
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5 important FUNCTIONS of the SKELETAL
SYSTEM 1. Supports the body 2. Protects
internal organs 3. Provides movement 4. Stores
mineral reserves 5. Provides a site for blood
cell formation
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BONE VS. CARTILAGE SIMILAR- both protect and
support DIFFERENT-cartilage is more flexible and
it cushions. Bone is hard Skeleton of embryo
made mostly of cartilage.
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Type of Muscle Smooth or Striated? Voluntary or Involuntary? Found where?
1.Skeletal Striated Voluntary Leg, arm
2. Visceral Smooth Involuntary Digestive tract
3.Cardiac Striated Involuntary heart
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Connective Tissue LIGAMENTS- connect bone to
bone TENDONS- connect muscle to bone MUSCLE
CONTRACTION A muscle contracts when the thin
filaments (made of protein called
_________________) in the muscle fiber slide over
the thick filaments (made of protein called
_________________).
MYOSINE
ACTINE
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Locomotive malfunction description
Arthritis Inflammation of joints. Pain and stiffness
Tendonitis Inflammation of a tendon
Osteoporosis Brittle bones Lack of minerals
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Affect on homeostasis Provides ability to find
food, shelter, and other essentials
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Coordination Nervous system and endocrine system
The nervous system and endocrine system, shown
in Figure 1-13, control the coordination of many
of the body's activities. Together these systems
respond to and send messages to cells throughout
the body. The nervous system sends signals along
nerves.
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The glands of the endocrine system produce
chemical messengers (hormones) that travel in the
bloodstream. The brain and nerves are part of the
nervous system. The endocrine system includes
several glands-such as the pancreas and ovaries
or testes.
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NERVOUS SYSTEM controls and coordinates
functions throughout body and responds to stimuli
LIFE FUNCTION Regulation
(control) Cell Organelle Nucleus The messages
carried by the nervous system are electrical
signals called impulses. The cells that transmit
these impulses are called neurons.
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• LABEL THE NEURON(nerve cell)
• 1. Axon terminals
• 2. Nodes
• myelin sheath
• Axon
• Cell body
• Nucleus
• dendrites

6
1.
5
3
4
7
2
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3 types of neurons Impulses carried TO FROM
Sensory Interneuron receptor(eyes,ears, nose,skin)
2. Interneuron Motor sensory
Motor Effector interneuron
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The location at which a neuron can transfer an
impulse to another cell is called a
_______Synapse________. _______Neurotransmitters
_______ are chemicals used by a neuron to
transmit an impulse across a synapse to another
cell.
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LABEL THE BRAIN 1. cerebrum 2.
hypothalamus 3. pituitary 4. 5. Medulla
oblongata 6. Spinal cord 7. cerebellum 8. 9.
thalamus
1
9
8
2
3
7
4
6
5
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Part of Central NS What functions are controlled here?
CEREBRUM Thinking, learning
CEREBELLUM Balance, coordination
MEDULLA (brain stem) Heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing
HYPOTHALAMUS Hunger, thirst, fatigue
SPINAL CORD Reflex-inborn, automatic response
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THE PATHWAY OVER WHICH THE NERVE IMPULSES TRAVEL
IN A REFLEX IS CALLED A REFLEX ARC LIST THE
STEPS OF A REFLEX ARC ____Receptor____ (sensory
organs) are stimulated and send the message to
the _____sensory______ neuron which sends the
message to the ____interneuron______ located in
the spinal cord, which sends the message to the
_____motor______ neuron which sends the message
to the _______effector_______which are muscles or
glands.
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NS MALFUNCTION DESCRIPTION
Cerebral palsy Genetic disease that prevents nerve responses to muscles
Meningitis Infection in the spinal column
Stroke Blockage of blood vessel to brain causing nerve cells to die
Polio Viral disease that causes damage to nerve cells to muscles
Alzheimers disease Deterioration of nerve cells in the brain
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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM glands secrete hormones
throughout body by blood stream to affect target
cells. LIFE FUNCTION
Regulation (control) Cell Organelle nucleus,
secretory vesicles
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VOCABULARY HORMONES- substance produced in one
part of an organism that affects part of the same
individual. TARGET CELLS- cells that have
receptors for a particular hormone. EXOCRINE
GLANDS- gland that releases its secretions
through tube like structures called ducts.
ENDOCRINE GLANDS- gland that releases its
secretions directly into the blood stream.
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LABEL STRUCTURES and give function of each
1. Adrenal glands- Deals with stress 2.Thymus Sti
mulates T cell development 3.Parathyroid
gland Regulates calcium level 4.Pituitary
gland Regulates other glands 5.Hypothalamas Contro
ls pituitary
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6. Pineal gland Rhythmic activities (sleep
cycle) 7.Thyroid Regulates metabolism 8.
Pancreas Regulates glucose level in blood 9.
Ovary egg production 10.Testis Sperm production
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THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM IS REGULATED BY feedback
Mechanisms TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS. Thyroxin
regulation Increases TSH, which causes the
release of thyroxin. As the thyroxin increases in
the blood, the level of TSH decreases. This
causes a decrease in thyroxin, which causes an
increase in TSH and then begins again.
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Gland Hormone Produced Affects of Hormone
PITUITARY GROWTH Stimulates the elongation of long bones
PITUITARY THYROID-STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH) Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce its hormone, thyroxin.
PITUITARY FOLLICLE-STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) Stimulates activity in the ovaries and testis.
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THYROID Thyroxin iodine Regulates the rate of metabolism in the body and is essential for normal, physical and mental development.
PARATHYROID Parathromone Controls the metabolism of calcium, which is necessary for nerve function blood clotting and proper growth of teeth and bones.
ADRENAL (adrenal medulla) adrenalin Adrenaline increases the blood sugar level accelerates the heart breathing rates.
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PANCREAS (Islets of Langerhans) insulin Causes the entrance of glucose into liver cells
PANCREAS (Islets of Langerhans) glucagon Stimulates the release of sugar from the liver and raises the blood sugar level.
TESTES testosterone Sperm production, Male sex traits
OVARIES estrogen Egg production, Female sex traits
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Endocrine System Disorder Description
GOITER Enlargement of the thyroid gland usually resulting from the glands inability to manufacture Thyroxin (lack of iodine).
DIABETES Disorder characterized by an insulin deficiency that results in an evaluated blood sugar level and an inability of the body to store the sugar as glycogen in the liver.
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Immunity-- Immune system The immune system
increases the body's immunity-its ability to
resist disease. Some white blood cells of the
immune system engulf and destroy invading
bacteria and viruses by digesting them. Others
protect the body against specific foreign
invaders.
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IMMUNE SYSTEM bodys defense against infection
LIFE FUNCTION Homeostasis- maintain a balance
Cell organelle-- lysosome
DISEASE-any change that disrupts the normal
functions of the body PATHOGENS-infectious
disease-causing agents
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• A disease can be acquired in 3 ways
• 1. inherited
• Materials in environment (smoke, pollen)
• 3. bacteria, virus and fungi

Ways infectious diseases are spread from person
to person. 1. coughing, sneezing, physical
contact 2. Contaminated water or food 3.
Infected animals
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What are they? ACTIVE or PASSIVE IMMUNITY Definition of immunity
ANTIBODIES Proteins that destroy pathogens Active Body-made defense
ANTIBIOTICS Compounds that kill bacteria Passive Body-given defense (protects only once)
VACCINATION Weak pathogen Active Body-made defense (memory B cells)
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• IMMUNE SYSTEM NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
• First Line of Defense
• 3 ways that the body protects itself from
  pathogens.

Organ Defense
Skin, mucus, sweat tears Keeps pathogens out
Nose and throat Mucus traps viruses and bacteria
Stomach Destroys pathogens with digestive enzymes
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B. Second Line of Defense- inflammatory
response
IMMUNE SYSTEM SPECIFIC DEFENSES If a pathogen
is able to get past the bodys nonspecific
defenses, an immune response occurs. A
substance that triggers this response is known as
an __antigen____. ANTIGENS carbohydrates,
proteins and lipids on the surfaces of viruses,
bacteria and other pathogens
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HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSE DIAGRAM

• Large phagocyte (macrophage) engulfs a bacterium
• Bacteria antigens on surface of macrophage
• 3. T cell binds to macrophage
• 4.Bacterial antigens stimulate B cells
• 5. T cell becomes helper T cell
• 6. Helper T cell assists B cell to develop into
  antibody-producing plasma cell
• 7. Plasma cell produces ANTIBODIES released into
  blood stream
• 8. B cells produce clones of memory cells
• 9.Antibodies bind to antigens help other immune
  cells destroy bacteria

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T cells and B cells are Lymphocytes (white blood
cells) That are made in the bone marrow
Immune System Disorder Description
ALLERGIES asthma Overreaction of immune system
AUTOIMMUNE DIEASE Immune system attacks the bodys own cells
Allergies cause release of histamines, which
cause sneezing, runny nose, itchy eyes
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Reproductionreproductive system The process by
which organisms produce new organisms of the same
kind is called reproduction. The reproductive
system releases sex cells and hormones that are
critical to the creation of offspring and the
regulation of their development. The human
reproductive system allows for sexual rather than
asexual reproduction.
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Sexual reproduction makes it possible for two
individuals to produce offspring that are of the
same species but not exactly like either parent.
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Interaction of life processes and Regulation
Nutrients from the digestive system are
transported to cells by the circulatory
system. The functioning of the reproductive
system is regulated by hormones from the
endocrine system.
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Body systems also continuously interact to
maintain a balanced internal environment
(homeostasis). To successfully accomplish this,
humans and other complex organisms have a variety
of control mechanisms that constantly monitor and
correct deviations that could throw the body's
internal environment off balance. Examples the
regulation of body temperature and blood sugar
level.
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When body temperature drops, nerve impulses
from the brain signal the muscles to shiver,
which generates heat and warms the body. Blood
sugar level is constantly monitored, and hormones
are released as needed to keep it at acceptable
levels.
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Compairing singled-celled and multicellular
organisms

• Humans have much the same chemical composition as
  other organisms.
• All organisms-from bacteria to tulips to
  humans-are made of mainly carbon, hydrogen,
  oxygen, and nitrogen.
• These elements combine in different ways and
  amounts to form carbohydrates, proteins, and
  other essential organic molecules.

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• Humans are made up of different kinds of cells
  that are similar to those found in other animals.
  
• For example, human muscles, nerves, and blood
  cells are similar in structure and function to
  the muscles, nerves, and blood cells of other
  complex animals-from geese to gorillas.

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• Humans have organ systems and physical
  characteristics similar to many other complex
  animals.
• For example, worms, frogs, and pigs have
  digestive systems that break down large food
  molecules.
• They also have systems that circulate blood. Pig
  hearts, in fact, are so similar to human hearts
  that they can be used for transplants.

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• Humans reproduce in the same way as many other
  organisms.
• For example, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds,
  and mammals reproduce sexually the sperm and egg
  cell combine, each contributing half of the
  genetic information to the offspring.

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• Humans use the same kind of genetic information
  as other organisms.
• Like nearly every living organism-from E. coli
  bacteria and fruit flies to roses and dogs-humans
  use DNA as their genetic material.

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THE END