Petrozavodsk%20State%20University,%20Alex%20Moschevikin,%202004

1
???. ??????? ???????? ?????-?

• ?????????? ?? ?????? ??????
• http//www.ecolan.ru/coding.htm
• http//mynetwork.h10.ru/0014.htm
• http//www.osp.ru/
• http//www.citforum.ru/nets/protocols2/default.htm
  
• Internetworking Technology Handbook (Cisco
  Systems)
• ?.????. ?????????? ???????? ??????.

Rev. 1.02 / 19.02.2006
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
2
???????? ????????

• ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????
• ????????????? ????????? ? ?????????
• ?????????????? ?????????????????? ????? ?
  ????????????? ??????
• ?????????? ?????? ?????? (???????) ? ???????
  ????????
• ???????? ??????? ? ????????? ????????
• ???????? ??????? ? ?????????????? ??? ?????
  ??????????
• ?????????????? ?????????????? ??????????? ???????
  ? ????????

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
3
?????????? ???????????
??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ??????
(?????????? ???????????).
NRZ Not Return to Zero ???????????
???????? ?????????? ???????????
????????????????? ?????????? RS232 (S8N1)
?????
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
????
??????
NRZI Not Return to Zero Inverted (??????? ??????
??? ?????????? "1") ????? ?????? ??????
NRZI ?????????? 100BaseFX, FDDI, ??????
???????????? ?????????????? ??????????
??????????? ??? ?????????????? ???????
??????????????????? 0
?????
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
????
??????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
4
?????????? ???????????
RZ Return to Zero ????????????? ??? ???????????
??????? ????????????????? ?????????? ????????? ?
??? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????????, ??? ??? NRZ
?????
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
????
??????
Manchester II ????????????? ????????????????,
?????????????????, ?????? ??????????????????
("0" - ??????? ?????, "1" - ??????? ????
?????????? ????) ??????????? ??????????
?????????? ????????????, ? ??????? ?????? ???
??????? (5 ? 10 ??? ??? 10????/???) ??????????
10BaseTX
?????
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
????
??????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
5
?????????? ???????????
MLT-3 MultiLevel Transition 3 ?????????????
???, ???????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ?????? ??
??????, ???? "1" ?????????? ??????????
????????????????? ?????????? 100BaseTX
?????
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
????
??????
?????
PAM-5 ????? ?? 2B1Q (2 ???? - 1
???????) ?????????????, ??????????? - ???? ??? -
4 ?????????? ??????????? ???? ?????????? ?
?????????? ??????????? ?????????
??????? ?????????? 1000BaseT
1 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0
1
????
11 10 01 00
??????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
6
??????????? ??????????
????????? ?????????? ??????????? ("0" - ?????
???????????? ????????, "1" - ???????, ???
?????) ????????? ("0" ? "1" - ???????? ?
??????????? ??????? ?????????) ??????? (????????
??????????? ???? ?????? ???)
"1"
"1"
"0"
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
7
??????? ????????
??????????? ???????? (????????????????) ?????????
? (???????????????) (????????????? ???????? ?
???? ????????????, ?? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???
???????????) ?????????????? (? ?????? ?????
???????? ??????? ? ?????? ???????????, ????? ????
?????? ???? ????? ????????).
Tx
Rx
Tx
Rx
Rx
Tx
Tx, Rx
Rx, Tx
Tx - ?????????? Rx - ????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
8
???? ??????????. ????????
??????????? ???????? (???????????? ????? ???,
??????, ??? ????????, ???? ???(?)), ?????????????
????????? ????????????? ??????, ???????,
????????????, ?????????, ????? ??????????
??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????????
?????) ?????????? ???????? (???????? ???????,
?????????????????? ?????????????? ????? ?
??????????? ?????, ??????? ???????? ???????? ????
(?? ????. ??/?), ???????? ???????? ???????????
?????? (????????????), ????? ??????? ??????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
9
"??????????" ????? ?????
????????? (?????????????? ????????, ????????
????????? ?????????, ????????????
???????). ????????? ?????????? (????
?????????????????? ?????? ?????? ??????
?????????? ???????) ??????????? (????? "?????"
?????? - ?????? ????????? ???????? ????????,
????? ???????).
f, ??
1
MX
MX
1 2 3 1
2
3
1
MX
MX
1 3 1 3
2
3
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
10
??????? ??????????

• ??????????????? ??????
• ?????????? ??????? (?????????? ????? ?????????
  ?????????? ??????????, ??? ????????????? ?????
  ??????? ????? ? ??????????? ??????????)
• ?????????? ????????? (???????? ????????? ?
  ?????????? ???? ?????????? ?? ????????? ???????
  ???????? ????? ?? ????????????, ??????????
  ??????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????????, ???????
  ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????, ??????? ?????
  ?????? ? ?????, ?????? ??????????? ????????
  ????????? ?? ??????????? ? ????????)
• ???????? ?????????? (? ??????? ?????? ????
  ????????? ? ?????????? ?????, ?????????? ???????
  ???????? ?? ???? ????????????????? ???????
  ???????, ?????????? ?????? ?????? ? ????).???
  ??????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????????
  ??????????- ????????????? (?????? ???????? ?
  ?????? ???????) ? - ?????? ???????????? ??????
  (???????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????, ?????????
  ????????? ?????????? ? ???? ??????????).

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
11
????????? ? ?????

• ???? ??????? ? ??????? ?????????
• ????? ?????????? ?????? (MAC ?????)
• ?????????? ????? ???????? ?????? (????., IP
  ?????)
• ?????????? ????? (????., ?????????? ???????? ???)
• ?????? ?????????.
• ????????????????? Broadcast (????? ? ?????
  ??????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ? ????)
• ????????? Multicast (??????????? ? ??????????????
  ??????? ???????)
• ?????????? Unicast (????? ??????????????? ??????
  ????????????? ????)
• ???????????? ????? ?????????? ????????? (???????
  ??????? ?????? OSI/RM) - ????????????? A.B.C...Z.
  ? ????????? - ?????? ???? ????? 32? ?????? IP
  ?????. ?????? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ?
  ?????? ?????????? (?????, ??????????). ????
  ???????? ???????? ??????????? ??????
  (?????????-???????? ???????).
• ??????? 192.168.1.250, 10.0.0.35, 117.255.13.2.

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
12
????????????? ? ?????
????????????? - ??????? ??????????????? ?
???????? ?????? ?? ???? ? ???? (??????? ???????).
????????????? ???? ? ???? - ??????????????. ?????
????? ????? ????????.
A
D
E
C
B
F
G
A, B - ??????????, C, D, E, F, G - ?????????????
??????????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
13
???????????????? ??????????
??????? (????????????, ???, ???????????,
?????????? ???????) ?????? ???????? ???
?????????????? ? ?????????? ??? ??????????
????????. ??????? 5-4-3 (??? Ethernet) ???
?????????? ????????? ???? ?? ??????????????
(?????????) ????? ???????????? ??????????? 5
?????????, ???????? ?? ????? ????? 4??
???????????????, ?????? ????? ??????? "?????????"
?????? 3 ???????? ("??????????" ?????????????
??????? ???????????, ???????????? ? ???????
????????).
????????
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
14
???????????????? ??????????
???? (bridge, ?????????? ? ?????????).?????????
??? ?????????? ???? ? ?????????? ???????????
?????????? ?? ??????? 1 ? 2.
???? 1 ???? ????? ?? ???????????? ??????, ?
?????? ??????????? ?? ? ???????? ??????? ????
(????????????, ?????? ????????????). ??? ?????
??? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????
??????. ???? 2 ???? ????????? ?????????? ??????,
????????? ?????? ? ??????????? ?????????? ?
??????????????? ??? ? ???????? ??????? ????. ????
??? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?????????? ?????,
???????????? ?????? ?????????. ????? ?????
??????????? ?? ?????????, ??????? ???? ? ??? ?
????.
???? 1
???? 1
???? 1
???? 1
???? 2
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
15
???????????????? ??????????
?????????? (switch, ????????? ???????)???????????
???? ????????????? ????. ?? ?????? ??????????????
?????, ?? ? ? ????????? ??????? ?????????
???????????? ????. ??????????? ????????????
????????? ??????, ??????????? ? ?????? ??????.
?????????? ????????????????? ??????? (???????
?????????? ?????? ????????????????? ??????). ??
????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????????
????? (Token Ring Ethernet).
?????????? ??????
????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ? ?????????????
???????? (??. ???????), ? ???????????
????????????? ???????, ? ????? ?????
(???????????????? ??????????? ? ?????? ??????????
???????). ???? ???? ??????? ????? ? ??????
???????????, ?? ???? ?????????? ???????????
?????? (????. ??? ???????? ???? CRC).
1
2
3
4
5
6
??
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
16
?????????? ???????????
????? ?????????? ??????????? ????????? ????
??????????? FastEthernet (100 ????/?)
80 ????/?
????????????? Ethernet (10 ????/?)
??????????? Ethernet (10 ????/?)
10 ????/?
5
15
20
10
???-?? ????????????? ????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
17
???????? ????????????
????????? ???????????? ? ??????, ???? ??????????
??????????, ?.?. ???????? ??????????? ????????
?????? ??-?? ????, ??? ?? ??????????? ? ????????,
?? ????? ?????????? ????????? ???. ???????????
????????? (??? ?????????? ???????? ????, ???????
? ???? ????? ?????, ???? ???? ?? ?? ?????
???????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????????) ? ?????
????????? ???????? (?????????? ???????? ? ?????
?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????, ??????? ?????
????????). ??? ???????????? ??????????
?????????? ?????? ???? ? ???????????? 10 ?
100????/???. ?? ???????? 100????/???.
??????????
100????/???
10????/?
??????????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
18
???????? ????????????
??????? ???????????? MAC ??????? ???????
????? MAC 1 ???? 1 MAC 2 ???? 2 MAC 3
???? 1 MAC 4 ???? 3 ?????? ??????? ???????????
?? ???? ??????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????
???????????. ??? ??????????? ????? ?? ???? ??
?????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?
??????? ??? ? ???????. ???? ??? ????? ??????????
???????? ???????????, ?? ?????????????? ???? ?
??????????????? ????, ???? ??? - ?? ??? ?????
????? ????, ? ???????? ?????? ????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
19
?????????? ?????
?????????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????
1
2
?
B
3
????????????????? ?????? ??????????? ??????????
????????????????? ???????, ????????? ???????
?????????????? ????????????????? (??? ????
??????? ????) ????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?????????.
?.?. ???????? ????????????????? ??????? ? ??????
?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????
????????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
20
Spanning Tree Algorithm
Spanning Tree Algorithm (???????? ?????????????
??????) ?????? ??? ?????????????? ?????????
?????????? ??????. ??????? ???????????
??????????????? ????????????? ?????????? ?????
(????????, ????????? MAC ????? ? ?????? ?????),
??? ?????? ?????, ??? ??????? ??????????. ?
?????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ???? ? ???? BPDU
(Bridge Protocol Data Unit) ??????, ? ??????? ?
???????? ????????? ??????????? ????????? ????
????? ? ?????????????. ???? ?????-?? ??????????
??????? ????? ? ??????? ??? ???? ID, ?? ??
???????? ????? ???? ???? ?????????? ID. ?????
???????, ??? ?????? ??????, ??????? ? ??????????
?????? ? ????? ????????? ?????? BPDU. ???
??????????? ????????? ?????? ? ?????? ??????????
?????????? ? ????????? ?????? ??????. ????????
?????? ??????? ??????????? ??????????? ???, ??
??????? ???????? BPDU ????? ? ??????????? ?????.
??? ????????? ????? ? ?????????? ?? ????????? ??
BPDU ??????. ???? ????? ??? BPDU, ?? ??????????
????? ????????? ? ????????? ????????.
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
21
Spanning Tree Algorithm
2000
2000
3001
3002
3001
3002
4001
4004
4001
4004
4002
4003
4002
4003
?? ?????
Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs
22
???????????????? ??????????

• ???? (???????? ?? ????? ?? ???? ???????
  ???????)???? - ?????????? ? ????????????? ???
  ?????????? ????????? ??????, ????? ?? ?????????
  ??????????.
• ???????
• ????????????? (gateway), ??????? ???????
• ?????????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??????????
  ? ?????? ? ????????????? (TCP/IP ltgt IPX/SPX),
  ???????? ???? ???????? ??????
• ???????? ???? (????????-????? ltgt ?????????????
  ????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????????),
  ?????????? ??????? OSI/RM
• ????? ????????-?????/sms, ??????????? html-?????
  (cgi ??????)/ICQ ?????????.

Petrozavodsk State University, Alex Moschevikin,
2004
NETS and OSs