Greek Art

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ATHENIAN GOVERNMENT
Direct Democracy - Citizens participate directly
Legislative Branch
Council of 500
Citizens Assembly

• Chosen by lot from males citizens over age 30
• Proposed new laws
• Served one year terms

• Most powerful branch
• Male citizens over 20
• Voted on proposals
• All member could speak
• Power to ostracize

Executive Branch
Strategoi

• Ten generals chosen annually
• Commanded military and controlled finances

Judicial Branch
Law Courts

• Jurors chosen by lot from citizens over age 30
• Typical jury was 501 members - Majority rule
• No lawyers or judges

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Spartan Government
Oligarchy - Government by the few
Legislative Branch
Popular Assembly
Council of Elders

• All male citizens over 30
• Elected Spartan officials
• Voted on laws proposed by the council of elders

• Two kings-military and religious leaders
• 28 men over age 60
• Proposed new laws

Executive and Judicial Branch
Five Ephors

• Elected annually by Popular Assembly
• Unlimited Power
• Limited to 1 year terms

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Pericles

• Athenian leader who led Athens to its greatest
  heights.
• Strategoi General from 461 429 BC (Age of
  Pericles)

• Three Goals of Pericles
• Strengthen Athenian Democracy
• Build a commercial empire
• Glorify Athens
• How did he achieve these goals?
• Increased the number of paid officials so even
  the poor could serve
• Used the Delian League to increase the wealth and
  power of Athens (navy)
• Beautified Athens with buildings like the
  Parthenon

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Greek Architecture
The Parthenon
The Parthenon Today
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Classical Greek Art
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Greek Art - Sculpture
Idealism
Realism
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Greek Art
Columns
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Greek Drama

• Form of Entertainment and Education.
• Dealt with important issues of the time such as
  politics, justice, war, etc.
• Types of Plays
• Tragedies Portrayed men and women of strong
  character whose pride led to their downfall
• Aeschylus
• Sophocles
• Comedies Poked fun at the politics, people, and
  ideas of the time through satire.
• Developed after Peloponnesian Wars
• Aristophanes

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History

• Replaced oral tradition by which Greeces early
  history had been passed along.
• Early historians believed that certain events and
  political situations recur over time and would
  aid in understanding the present.

Herodotus - Considered to be the first historian
(father of history). He traveled throughout the
ancient world and wrote of its history in a
systematic narrative. His most famous works are
Histories and The Persian Wars.
Thucydides - Wrote History of the Peloponnesian
War which showed how the war ruined Athens and
weakened all of Greece
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Greek Philosophy
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Greek Philosophers
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
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Socrates (469-399 BCE)

• Stonemason, spent time arguing with assembly and
  Athenian leaders.
• Taught Question everything, use step-by-step
  questioning to final conclusion (Socratic method)
• Executed for denying gods, corrupting youth, and
  trying to overthrow the government.

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Plato (427-347 BCE)

• Pupil of Socrates
• Recorded speeches of Socrates
• Father of Political Science
• Founded The Academy to train government leaders.
  Lasted 900 years.
• Wrote The Republic , which outlined the perfect
  government headed by a philosopher-king

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Aristotle (384-322 BCE)

• Pupil of Plato
• Trained in Medicine
• First to classify plants animals
• Developed final steps in scientific method
  (Hypothesis and Test)
• Tutored Alexander the Great

Plato
Aristotle
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Phillip II of Macedonia 382-336 BC

• Defeated and united Greek city-states by 339 BC
  with superior military techniques -16x16 Phalanx.
• Planned to invade Persia and take revenge for the
  Persian Wars a century earlier
• Assassinated in 336 BC.
• Succeeded by his son Alexander.

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Alexander the Great356 323 BC

• Replaced his father Phillip II when he was 23
• Vowed to carry out his fathers dream of
  conquering Persia.
• Began his conquest in 334 BC with a victory at
  Granicus
• After a major victory as Issus, he invaded Egypt.
  He was welcomed and created the city of
  Alexandria.
• In 332 he defeated Persian Emperor Darius II at
  Guagamela in Mesopotamia.
• Went on to conquer all of central Asia to the
  Indus River. His men refused to go further.
• In 323 BC he returned to Babylonia. He caught a
  fever and died at age 32.
• Afterwards his empire was split among his three
  main generals Antigonus(Macedon) Ptolemy
  (Egypt) Seleucus (Asia Minor and Fertile
  Crescent).
•  

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Legacy of Alexander

• Ended the era of Greek city-states
• Spread Greek culture throughout Persian Empire
  and Middle East
• A new culture known as Hellenism resulted from
  the blend of Greek and Eastern culture.
• Hellenistic cities were built throughout the
  middle east.
• Alexandria, Egypt became a leading center of
  Hellenistic culture and a thriving center of
  trade and learning.

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Hellenistic Math and Science

• Aristarchus (Ar-uh-stahr-huhs) - Estimated that
  the sun was much larger than thought. believed
  that the earth and other planets revolved around
  the sun. His theory was not accepted.

Eratosthenes (Er-uh-tahs-thuh-neez) - He was an
astronomer who correctly calculated the earth's
true size at about 25,000 miles circumference.
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Hellenistic Math and Science

• Euclid - (Yoo-Klihd) - A mathematician who opened
  a school of geometry in Alexandria. In his book
  Elements he presented 465 proofs.

Archimedes - (Ahr-kih-mee-deez) Mathematician
that calculated the value of pi. He also
discovered that levers could be used to lift
heavy objects. He said "Give me a place to stand
and I can move the earth.