Recent Stuff 1914 to Present

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Recent Stuff 1914 to Present
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The Big Picture

• How do nationalism and self-determination impact
  global events?
• Are world cultures converging? yes
  technology, popular culture, internet
• What keeps cultures separated?

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WWI

• Go Back to Handout Notes
• Review the following terms
• Triple Entente Britain, France, Russia
• Schlieffen Plan swift attack on France going
  through Belgium
• Balkans Archduke Ferdinand
• Allies
• US Isolationism however Lusitania and
  Zimmerman telegram pull them out and into the War
• 8 ½ million soldiers died

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Treaty of Versailles

• Officially ended WWI
• Harsh punishments on Germany
• Divided Austria-Hungary into separate nations
• Caused economic problems and resentment in
  Germany conditions to lead to the rise of
  Hitler
• League of Nations not successful, many nations
  did not join

5
Russian Revolution

• Czar Nicholas II abdicates the throne
• Alexander Kerensky establishes provisional
  government
• Shared power with soviets local councils
  (ineffective)
• Soviets support Bolsheviks (Socialist Party)
  headed by Lenin
• Lenin nationalizes the assets and industries
  (mass socialism)
• Signed Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ceded part of W.
  Russia to Germany backs out of WWI

6

• Counterrevolutionary revolts break out in
  Ukraine, Siberia and other parts of Russian
  Empire
• Red Army is formed
• Caused a deepened distrust between Socialist
  Russia and the West
• Turks
• Ottoman Empire joined the losing Central Powers
  of WWI
• Greece attacked
• Ataturk becomes 1st president of Turkey and
  modernize and westernizes Turkey (changes legal
  code from Islamic to Western)

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WWII Era

• Stalin
• Lenin removed themselves from WWI and institutes
  New Economic Policy successful in agriculture
  Lenin Dies
• Stalin discards NEP
• Five Year Plans increased farm production by
  taking over private farms (collectivization)
• Said it was communism but really it was
  totalitarianism people did not share in the
  power or wealth
• Industrialized USSR
• Relied on terror tactics on people

8

• The Great Depression
• Financial headquarters shifted from London to New
  York
• US lent Europeans a lot of money for the war
• US Stock market crashed and caused international
  catastrophe all were dependent on US credit to
  rebuild their countries
• US and Germany were hit the hardest
• Led to political ideology fascism (opposite of
  democracy)

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• Fascism
• Focused on the people rather than the
  individual
• Pushed for extreme nationalism (racial identity)
• Italy Mussolini 1st state to have a fascist
  government
• Blackshirts fought socialists and communists
  organizations
• Marched to Rome and King allowed Mussolini to be
  Prime Minister Completely took over Parliament
  started expansion into N. Africa

10

• Rise of Hitler
• Wiemar Republic formed after WWI
• Nazi party rises
• German people keep rejecting solutions of the
  Reichstag Wiemar Republics elected body
• Hitler rises to head of Nazi Party
• Supports extreme nationalism
• Darwinism convinced that the Aryan race was
  superior and was tainted by Slavs and Jews
  wanted them deported (then eliminated)
• Seizes control Third Reich wanted to conquer
  Europe

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• Hitler begins to rebuild military (against Treaty
  of Versailles)
• Spanish democracy was falling apart Britain and
  France refused to help
• Francisco Franco installed a dictatorship in
  Spain
• Germany took back the Rhineland, given the
  Sudetenland (appeasement)
• Italy invades Albania
• Nazi-Soviet Pact
• Germany invades Poland Britain and France
  declare war on Germany

12

• Japanese Aggression
• Sent a list of 21 demands to China
• Depression sent Japanese militarists to invade
  Manchuria renamed Manchukuo
• Anti-Comintern Pact formed alliance with
  Germany
• Rape of Nanjing 250,000 Chinese were
  slaughtered

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• WWII Terms
• Blitzkrieg lightening war
• Winston Churchill new leader of Britain
• Battle of Britain Germanys massive air strike
  British succeeded in keeping German armies out
  of England
• Germany invades Russia
• Japan invades Indochina (Vietnam) US freezes its
  assets in the US Japan signs Tripartite Pact
  with Rome and Berlin Japan bombs Pearl Harbor
• Manhattan Project development of Atomic Bomb
• D-Day-allied land attack on Normandy, France
• Atomic bomb dropped on Japan

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• Consequences
• Holocaust
• US and Soviet Union become superpowers
• Marshall Plan money sent for Western Europe
  reconstruction
• Decline of colonialism and imperialism
• Women kept their war jobs, sought higher
  education
• United Nations
• Start of the Cold War-US and Soviet Union had
  opposite world views and each sought to contain
  the other lasted nearly 50 years

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Cold War Era

• US democratic/capitalist Soviet Union
  totalitarianism/communism
• US and Soviet Union tried to pull the world into
  their standoff.
• Arms race nuclear arsenals
• Germany parts of Eastern Europe
• US and Soviet union wanted to promote their
  ideology (democracy vs. communism)
• Germany was divided into 4 but became West
  Germany democratic and East Germany Soviet
  controlled (communist) capital city of Berlin
  was divided into E. and W.

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East vs. West

• Soviet bloc E. Germany, Poland, Czechoslovakia,
  Romany and Hungary
• Western bloc Western Europe including W.
  Germany, Greece and Turkey
• Truman Doctrine (containment) US would aid
  countries threatened by communist takeover NATO
  Western bloc military alliance
• Warsaw Pact in response to NATO Iron Curtain
  the line between the East and the West

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China - Communists

• Guomindang Party founded by Sun Yat-sen (led
  the Chinese Revolution of 1911, and ended Manchu
  Dynasty Three Principals of the People
  nationalism, socialism and democracy
• Chiang Kai-shek establishes Guomindang as ruling
  party of China
• Japan invaded China
• Communists (allied with Soviet Union) are gaining
  strength in the North
• After defeat of Japan civil war Guomindang
  (democratic) vs. communists

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• Mao Zedong rallied millions of peasants in the
  North and force the Guomindang to Taiwan where
  they set up Republic of China (they still
  consider themselves to be the real China)
• Mainland China becomes Peoples Republic of China
  (the US will formally recognize in 1973) becomes
  largest communist nation
• Taiwan has continuously rejected Chinas attempt
  at reunification

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• Mao Zedong
• 1949 collectivization of agriculture and
  industry
• Great Leap Forward huge communes were created
  (trying for a true Marxist state) communes had
  huge unreachable quotas set by the government and
  lied about it 30 million Chinese died of
  starvation
• Soviet Union pulled the their support of China
• 1964 Mao builds military, begins Westernization,
  builds their own A-bomb

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• Mao retracts and starts Cultural Revolution
  Universities were closed, erased all traces of
  Western-influenced intelligentsia elites were
  forced to work on collective farms.
• 1976 Deng Xiaoping restructuring economic
  policies opened up to Western ideas
• Since then, China has incorporated some elements
  of capitalism however politically, China remains
  strictly communist Tiananmen Square massacre
  1 million demonstrators calling for democratic
  reform were fired upon and hundreds were killed

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Division of Korea

• Prior to WWII, Korea was invaded by Japan after
  the war Soviet Union and US divided Korea (was
  supposed to be until Korea was stable to run
  their own elections)
• North Korea Soviet-backed communism
• South Korea US-backed democracy
• 1949-both Soviet and US withdrew their troops
  however North Korea attacked South Korea in
  attempt to unite their country
• UN (US and Britain) went to aid the S. Koreans,
  it looked as if S. Korea would win, but then
  China enters to aid N. Korea armistice signed
  in 1953
• Korea is still split today.

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Vietnam

• France tried to hang on to their colony of
  Indochina (Vietnam) however Vietminh fought them
  back.
• The nation was divided into two N.
  Vietnam-communist (Ho Chi Minh) and the S.
  Vietnam democratic (Ngo Dihn Diem)
• N. Vietnam and S. Vietnam go to war France and
  US come to the aid of S. Vietnam
• N. Vietnam wins (US loses) and Vietnam unifies as
  a communist state.

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Cuban Revolution

• Platt Amendment US remained involved in Cuban
  affairs (after Cuba wins independence from Spain)
• 1939-1959 US supported the Batista Dictatorship
  made wealthy even wealthier and no benefits for
  peasants
• Fidel Castro leads a peasant revolt
• The Batista fled and Fidel Castro took control of
  the government

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• Fidel Castro
• Suspended elections
• Established a communist dictatorship
• Seized and nationalized industries
• Executed Rivals
• Established strong ties with Soviet Union
• President Kennedy authorized Bay of Pigs
  Invasions (trained exiled Cubans)
• Cuban Missile Crisis US caught Soviet Union
  sending missiles to Cuba 3 month stand-off,
  Soviet backed down and removed missiles in
  exchange for a promise that the US would not
  invade Cuba
• After collapse of Soviet Union in 1990, Cuba lost
  their main financial backer. Castro is still in
  power

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Europe The Cold War Ends

• The Fall of Communism in E. Europe (1989)
• People of the Eastern bloc begin to revolt with
  the West becoming richer and the East becoming
  poorer

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• Poland
• 1980 - Solidarity movement led by Lech Walesa
  Thousands of workers joined a strike for reform
  of communist economic system
• Government tried to suppress the movement and
  arrested Lech Walesa
• 1988 New Prime Minister Rakowski made
  reforms and legalized Solidarity
• Mazowiecki became first elected Prime Minister
  since WWII
• 1990 communism party fell apart in Poland and
  Lech Walesa was elected president
• Economy since has greatly improved joined NATO
  in 1999 and the European Union in 2004

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• German Reunification (again)
• Communism declined in the Soviet bloc
• East Germans cut ties with Soviet Union and began
  negotiation with West Germany
• 1989 Berlin Wall was torn down signaled end
  of E. Germany
• Government started ambitious reconstruction
  program and modernization of East Germany

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• Soviet Union Collapses
• Mikhail Gorbachev comes to power in 1985
  issues policies of glasnost (openness) and
  perestroika (restructuring) of Soviet economy
• Private enterprise were added to economy
• Gorbachev denounced the Great Purge by Stalin
• Poland and other Soviet satellites declared their
  separation of the USSR
• Soviet Union disintegrated in 1991 Russia
  becomes its own country again, Ukraine, Belarus,
  and Georgia become independent most shifts of
  power were peaceful except for the Balkans

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• Yugoslavia led to ethnic cleansing, Muslims
  were slaughtered by Serbians
• UN became involved during the 1990s
• Chechnya (Muslim dominated) part of Russia
  wants to break away
• Most new countries of the former Soviet bloc have
  created constitutional democracies and economic
  systems based on capitalism
• US is the worlds only superpower

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Asia and Africa Independence Movements

• India
• Indian National Congress mainly Hindu formed
  in 1885 wanted to increase the rights of Indians
• Muslim League (1906) wanted to imporve Islamic
  Indians
• Amritsar massacre (1919) 319 Indians (Hindu and
  Muslim) were slaughtered at this peaceful protest
  millions joined the independence movement
• Mohandad Gandhi leader of the movement passive
  resistance (civil disobedience)

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• At the same time, increased violence between
  Hindu and Muslim
• Gandhi wanted Indian unity despite religious
  differences, however Muslim League wanted their
  own Muslim nation (Pakistan)
• After WWII Britain granted Indias
  independence Radical Hindus and Muslims start
  killing each other
• Mumammad Ali Jinnah lead movement to form
  Muslim nation in the North
• British supported a partition to save lives

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• 1947 India separates into 3 Pakistan, E.
  Pakistan (Bangladesh), India
• Millions were forced to flee to go to respective
  area, and millions were killed along the way
  (including Gandhi)
• Today, India and Pakistan are still fighting,
  especially in Kashmir

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• Africa
• Independence motivated by India
• N. African countries were the first to win
  independence (mostly Islamic)
• Gamal Nasser general of Egyptian army
  overthrows king and established a republic
  nationalizes industries including Suez Canal
• Countries S. of the Sahara had a more difficult
  time
• Few educated Africans once colonial power left,
  who would run the country
• Boarders set up by Europeans made it hard for
  countries to nationalize

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• Rwanda
• 2 warring ethnic groups Tutsi (15 of
  population) had political power and Hutu (85
  of population)
• After independence (1962), Hutu revolted against
  Tutsi (thousands died)
• 1972 Juvenal Habyariman military coup
  provided peace until his death
• 1994 Habyariman died and civil war broke out
  again. 100 days of genocide 800,000 Tutsi died
• 1995 2 million Hutu refugees go to Zaire

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• South Africa
• 1910 Union of South Africa (combined the 2
  British Colonies and the 2 Boer (Dutch) republics
• 1923 residential segregation established
• 1926 blacks were banned from working the jobs
  that the whites wanted
• 1931 S. Africa wins independence from Britain
  system of apartheid (separation of races)
  established
• 1950s creation of homelands were set aside for
  blacks (80 of pop.) worst areas of the country

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• 1950s Nelson Mandela becomes leader of African
  National Congress (wanted to abolish apartheid)
• At first promoted peaceful protests
• After Sharpeville massacre (protesting the use of
  passes to be in the cities), he promoted use of
  guerilla warfare
• 1964 Mandela is arrested and imprisoned for
  life
• 1990 due to continued pressure from
  international community, Mandela is released
• Apartheid crumbles 1994 Mandela is elected
  president in first free and open election

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Middle East

• After WWI, Ottoman Empire collapsed and League of
  Nations gains control of the lands
• France Syria and Lebanon
• Britain Palestine, Jordan, Iraq
• Persia (Iran) already shared between Britain
  and Russia (spheres of influence)
• Arabia united under Saudi Kingdom

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• Israel
• Hebrews had previously occupied the lands in
  Palestine
• Many Jews had left for Europe while many Muslims
  had made it their home
• After WWII, many Jews wanted to return to the
  promise land
• Zionists (Jewish nationalists) convinced British
  foreign secretary Arthur Balfour to sign the
  Balfour Declaration (1917) stating that Jewish
  people had a right to a home in Palestine
  (however should not displace Muslims already
  living there)
• By beginning of WWII, 500,000 Jews had emigrated
  to Palestine

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• 1948 UN created two Palestines one for Jews,
  one for Muslims (like India and Pakistan, have
  been fighting ever since)
• David Ben-Gurion 1st prime minister of Israel
  announced official creation of Jewish homeland
• 6 Arab countries attack Israel Israel defeats
  them and ends up controlling most of Palestine
  Palestinians have no home.
• Ongoing conflict over Israeli occupation of the
  West Bank, Golan Heights, Gaza Strip

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• Iran
• 1925 Reza Shah Pahlavi started Westernization
  of Iran after WWII, Westernization increased.
  By 1960s land, education and women reforms
  (western fashions)
• Infuriated Islamic fundamentalists, who believe
  the Quran should be law of the land
• 1979 - President Carter visited congratulating
  Shah for his programs Iranian Revolution Shah
  was removed from power Iran became a theocracy
  led by Ayatollah

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• Women returned to traditional Islamic clothing
• Quran became basis for legal system
• 1980 Iraq invaded (Saddam Hussein) Iran and
  Iraq was supported by US cease-fire was signed
  in 1988.
• 1989 Ayatollah died power struggle among
  Islamic fundamentalist and pro-westernization
• Recently Iran developing peaceful nuclear
  technologies

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• Oil
• After Industrial Revolution, oil became fuel
  Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, Iraq have made
  billions of dollars from their oil supplies
• Middle East unites and forms OPEC (Organization
  of Petroleum Exporting Countries) less powerful
  organization due to willy members individual
  members however have much power.

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• War in the Gulf Saddam Hussein
• 1990 Iraq (Saddam Hussein) invades Kuwait to
  gain more oil reserves
• UN (US) sent forces to drive out Iraq out of
  Kuwait (could have led to Hussein moving on into
  the rest of the Arabian peninsula)
• Hussein remained in power until 2003 a
  coalition invade Iraq to oust him out of power
• 2005 Iraqi citizens trying to build a new
  democratic nation but is slow due to suicide
  bombings against coalition forces and Iraqi
  citizens

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• Taliban, Al Queda, Osama
• 1980s Soviet Union sends troops to Afghanistan
  to help overthrow previous government and begin
  communism Soviet Union suffered severe guerilla
  attacks
• Gorbachev (Russia) withdraws the troops
• Warring factions in Afghanistan fought to fill
  the power void

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• Taliban (Islamic Fundamentalist) would win the
  power struggle
• strict Islamic law
• severe restrictions on women
• provided safe haven for Osama bin Laden (leader
  of international terrorist network Al-Queda)
  hates US
• Supports Israel
• Has military base in Saudi Arabia
• US supports globalization which hurts Islamic
  culture

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READPulling it all togetherpg 248-249