Essential%20Question:

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• Essential Question
• What were the principle causes major
  effects of the counterculture movements
  of the 1960s 1970s?

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A Generation in Conflict1965-1974
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A Decade of Protest 1965-1974
The Sixties generation was the best educated in
American history
Protests against Vietnam linked other social
criticismThe war abroad, intensified a war at
home

• The decade from 1965 to 1974 was marked by
  protest due to
• Escalation of the Vietnam War
• Attack on middle-class values
• Increased college enrollment
• The initial liberal protests began on college
  campuses but soon inspired other, national
  protests

African-Americans
Mexican-Americans
Native-Americans
Women
Hippies
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The Student Revolt
Refused to allow Free Speech movement to collect
money for off-campus causes

• The student protest movement began at UC-Berkeley
  in 1964 with the Free Speech movement
• Students protested the corporate face 1950s
  rules of UC-Berkeley
• Students rioted when denied a political voice on
  campus
• This inspired the formation of Students for a
  Democratic Society to end racism, poverty,
  violence

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Mario Savio the Free Speech riots
The Berkeley protests University of
Michigan-based SDS inspired riots on campuses
across the USA
Brown University ended required courses grades
Many colleges ended in loco parentis rules
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The Cultural Revolution
Increase in premarital sex use of the pill
Harvard professor Timothy Leary Lets all try
LSD!! Tune in, turn on,
drop out!
Summer of Love in 1967

• The student protests coincided with youth
  counter-culture in 1965
• Beginning in San Francisco spreading throughout
  the US, the hippie culture emphasized
• Sexual expression
• Clothing
• Drugs
• Music

Use of psychoactive hallucinogenic drugs
Everyone must get stoned, Bob Dylan
Folk music
British invasion electric rock
Acid rock
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Electric rock like The Beatles
Folk singers like Joan Baez Bob Dylan
(until Dylan discovered the electric guitar)
Acid rock like the Grateful Dead
Music was an important element to 1960s
counter-culture
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Is this the nations youth??
Drugs
Sex
Rock n Roll
No work ethic?
Mostly children from upper-middle class families
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1968The Year of Turmoil
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1968

• 1968 was one of the most turbulent years in U.S.
  history
• Martin Luther King Jr. Robert Kennedy were
  assassinated
• Riots broke out at the Democratic National
  Convention
• The Tet Offensive showed that the USA was not
  winning the Vietnam War

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Protesting the Vietnam War

• The most dramatic focus of youthful rebellion was
  Vietnam
• Mostly led by college students who escaped the
  draft
• Students protested the draft, military research
  on college campuses, disproportionate use of
  black Hispanic soldiers
• Protests got stronger as fighting intensified in
  Vietnam in 1966

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U.S. Troop Levels in Vietnam
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Vietnam in 1968

• In 1968, the Vietcong launched the Tet Offensive
  against U.S. forces in South Vietnam
• The attack was contrary to media reports that the
  U.S. was winning the Vietnam War
• The attack led LBJ to believe that Vietnam could
  not be won
• In 1968, LBJ began discussions to seek a truce
  announced that he would not seek re-election

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The Tet Offensive, 1968
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Assassinations in 1968

• In 1968, leading Democratic presidential
  candidate Robert Kennedy was shot during the
  California primary

• In 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated in
  Memphis race riots broke out in over 100 cities

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The 1968 Democratic Convention

• The withdraw of LBJ death of RFK, left 2
  candidates for the Democratic nomination in 1968
• MN Senator Eugene McCarthy
• VP Hubert Humphrey
• TV showed angry protestors police fight outside
  the convention when Humphrey was nominated

Idealistic anti-warsupported by upper-middle
class whites college students
Truman-style Cold Warriorsupported by Democratic
party leaders Did not campaign
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1968 Democratic National Convention
Republicans benefited from the Vietnam disaster
a shattered Democratic party Nixon won the
election as a reconciler
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• Essential Question
• What were the principle causes effects of the
  counterculture movements of the 1960s 1970s?
• Warm-Up Question
• How does the counter-culture movement of the
  1960s compare to that of the 1950s?

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Social Protests of the 1960s 1970s
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"Black Power"
Im black Im proud! James Brown
More than 50 of northern blacks lived in poverty

• In the late 1960s, civil rights focus moved from
  from political to economic equality
• Leadership shifted from MLKs nonviolent protest
  to militancy
• Civil rights began to reflect the overt embrace
  of black culture pride dashikis, afros,
  dap, rejection of slave names, the black
  is beautiful motto

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"Black Power"
Political power comes through the barrel of a
gun Huey Newton

• SNCC leader Stokely Carmichael
• Told blacks to seize power where they outnumber
  whites
• Called for black-controlled unions, co-ops,
  political parties
• The Black Panthers dedicated themselves to
  defending blacks from police brutality serving
  their communities

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Malcolm X

• Born in Omaha Nebraska, Malcolm Little
• was the son of a Baptist preacher who
• urged Blacks to stand up for their rights.
• His father was killed by White
• Supremacist in Michigan, in 1931.
• After time, Malcolm moved to Harlem
• where he became involved in gambling,
• drug dealing and robbery.
• Malcolm Was Arrested at the age of 20 for
• armed robbery. In jail he studied the
• teaching of the Elijah Muhammad.

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Elijah Muhammad

• Elijah Muhammad was the leader of the mostly
• Black political and religious group. The Nation
• Of Islam.
• His teachings, often perceived as racist,
  preached
• complete separation from Whites in society.
• He often expressed the idea the Blacks were the
• first people to rule the world and that the
  Whites
• tricked them out of power and oppressed them.
• Young Malcolm X developed his adept speaking
• skills and political ideas under the direction
  of
• Elijah Muhammad.

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Nation of Islam

• The Nation Of Islam (NOI) was an activist
• group that believed that most African slaves
• were originally Muslim.
• The NOI urged African -Americans to reconvert to
  Islam in effort to
• restore the heritage that was stolen from them.
• The NOI wanted to create a second Black nation
  within the United
• States.
• The X in Malcolms name symbolizes the
  rejection of his slave
• name.

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The JFK Controversy

• After the assassination of John F. Kennedy,
  Malcolm X made a speech.
• Malcolm claimed that the violence Kennedy failed
  to prevent ended up to come back and claim his
  life.
• He stated that assassination was an example of
  the chickens coming home to roost"
• He later stated, "Chickens coming home to roost
  never made me sad. It only made me glad."
• This comment lead to widespread public dismay.

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Malcolm X Speaks, 1965

• Be peaceful, be courteous, obey the law, respect
  everyone but if someone puts his hand on you,
  send him to the cemetery.
• Nobody can give you freedom. Nobody can give you
  equality or justice or anything. If you're a man,
  you take it.
• You can't separate peace from freedom because no
  one can be at peace unless he has his freedom.

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Pilgrimage to Mecca

• In 1964, during a pilgrimage to Mecca, Malcolm
  discovered
• that orthodox Muslims preach equality among
  races.
• Malcolms new knowledge and growing distrust with
  the NOI,
• caused him to desert his argument that all Whites
  are the devil.
• Malcolm X never abandoned his theory that racism
  had
• destroyed the nation and that only Blacks could
  free
• themselves.
• In 1965 Malcolm X was assassinated by a Black
  Muslim at a
• New York City rally.

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Black Panther Party

• U.S. African American Militant group.
• Founded in 1966 in Oakland.
• Led by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale.
• Believed violent revolution was the only way to
  receive freedom.
• Urged African Americans to arm themselves.

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Violent Panthers
In the late 60s party leaders got involved in
violent confrontations with the police. The
results was death on both sides. Huey Newton
was tried in 1967 for killing a police
officer. Black Panther activist Bobby Seale,
was a member of the Chicago Eight. A group of
eight people who disrupted the 1968 Democratic
convention.
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Brown Power

• Mexican-Americans began to advocate for their
  rights
• La Raza called for cultural awareness, voter
  registration, education poverty reforms
• César Chávez organized the Natl Farm Workers'
  Assoc to demand better pay for pickers
• Chicanos called for won bilingual education
  programs

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Pink Power
Growth of female-run small businesses helped
overcome corporate glass ceiling

• Women's Liberation movement demanded increased
  rights an end to sexism in America
• Friedans Feminine Mystique criticized 1950s
  housewife life
• National Org of Women (NOW) called for equal pay,
  child care, rape laws, anti-abortion laws
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) was revived to end
  sexism

In 1973, the Supreme Court upheld abortion rights
in Roe v Wade
In the late 1960s, the pill became widely
available
In the 1960s, women were still employed in
stereotypical jobs
Butin most families, both parents worked out of
the home
were still seen as homemakers
unmarried adults outnumbered married adults
for the first time
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State Voting on the ERA
The ERA by fell 3 states shy of the ¾ needed for
ratification
The feminist leaders supporting the ERA were
Gloria Steinem Betty Friedan, author of
Feminist Mystique (1963) president of NOW
The leader of the anti-ERA movement was Phyllis
Schlafly who believed that women were protected
by the Equal Pay Act (1963) Civil Rights Act
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Rainbow Power

• The Gay Liberation movement started in 1969 after
  the Stonewall Riot in New York City
• The Gay Liberation Front demanded end to
  discrimination rallied gays to come out
• The American Psychiatry Assoc ended its
  classification of homosexuality as a disease
• ½ of all states changed their sodomy employment
  laws

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Red Power
Resulted in marches on the Bureau of Indian
Affairs in D.C. Wounded Knee in S.D.

• The American Indian movement sought to service
  its communities regain lost lands
• Indians of All Tribes took Alcatraz Island in
  1969 called attention to the movement
• Trail of Broken Tears in 1972 Long March in
  1978 helped lead to the return of lands across
  the country to tribes

A 5-month protest from California to D.C. to
protest past U.S. treaty violations
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Yellow Power

• The Asian-American movement began with the
  formation of the Asian American Political
  Alliance
• Protested U.S. involvement in Vietnam use of
  term gooks
• Called for received Asian-American studies in
  colleges, health services in Asian communities,
  reparations for interned Japanese-Americans

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Civil Liberties

• Civil liberties were protected for people accused
  of crimes
• Gideon v Wainwright (1963)all citizens, no
  matter the crime, have the right to an attorney
• Escobedo v Illinois (1964)citizens have the
  right to remain silent during interrogations
• Miranda v Arizona (1966)suspects must be told of
  their right against self-incrimination

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Conclusions

• The counterculture power protests used
  similar methods
• Active often-militant protest for civil
  economic rights
• Cultural pride awareness
• These protests would continue but would faced
  confrontation by the conservative politics of the
  1970s 1980s

Black is Beautiful, Gay is Good,
Sisterhood is Powerful