The Digestive System

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The Digestive System
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15.1 Functions mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food        absorption of
nutrients Consists of alimentary canal and
accessory organs
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Wall of the Alimentary Canal
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15.2 Characteristics of the Canal

• 1.  Mucosa
• 2.  Submucosa
• 3.  Muscular Layer -   (PERISTALSIS)
• 4.  Serosa (serous layer) -

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Mixing Movements Contractions- mix food with
digestive juices   Peristalsis - pushes food down
the tube
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Anatomy of the Mouth
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Anatomy of a Tooth
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Teeth   Incisors Cuspid (canine) Bicuspids Mola
rs
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Tooth Decay
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METH MOUTH
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ROOT CANAL
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Salivary Glands
Parotid - ear, cheek Submandibular - below
jaw Sublingual - under tongue
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Pharynx    nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx  
     
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Esophagus

• esophageal hiatus is where it penetrates the
  diaphragm
•  
• cardiac sphincter at entrance to stomach

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STOMACH MUSCLES   Longitudinal, Circular, Oblique
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Stomach

• Regions
• Cardiac
• Fundus
• Body (greater and lesser curvature)
• Pyloric

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Stomach Lining

• Gastric Juices contain acids that break down
  food  -  
• PEPSIN  -  
•  
•  

Mucus prevents stomach from digesting itself  
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• Chyme - paste, after food has been broken down,
  released then into the duodenum via the pyloric
  sphincter valve

Rugae - folds within stomach Gastric Pits
contain glands to make juices  
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PANCREAS - secretes insulin which breaks down
sugars Pancreatic Juice also breaks down fat
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 Liver  1 large right lobe  1 smaller left lobe
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Liver - ducts and vessels

• Hepatic duct --gt to common bile duct
• Hepatic portal vein - circulates blood throughout
  liver

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Liver Functions

• 1.  blood glucose levels
• 2.  breakdown of lipids and fats
• 3.  protein metabolism
• 4.  stores vitamins (A, B12, D, E, K)
• 5.  destroys damaged RBCs
• 6.  removes toxins and processes drugs
• 7.  secretes bile

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Hepatitis
http//www.webmd.com/hepatitis/ss/slideshow-hepati
tis-overview
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Remember Bili Lights?Using bili lights is a
therapeutic procedure performed on newborn or
premature infants to reduce elevated levels of
bilirubin.  
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Gall Bladder - under liver          cystic duct
--gt common bile duct          stores bile,
digests fat                 gallstones may form
 
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Small Intestine   Starts at the pyloric
sphincter 1.  Duodenum 2.  Jejunum   3. 
Ileum   Mesentery  Membrane holds it
together,  contains blood vessels
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Greater Omentum

• a  "curtain-like" membrane that covers the
  intestines, stores fat and lays like a drape

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Greater Omentum
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Intestinal villi -
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The main function of the small intestine is to
secrete chemicals that break down food and carry
the nutrients away in the blood stream.  In one
word
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Large Intestine   Cecum    Appendix   Colon (4
parts)        
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Function of Large Intestine

• Secretes mucus,  reabsorbs water, contains
  bacteria to aid in digestion  (intestinal flora)
• Mass Movements (defecation) - removes undigested
  food

The main job is   
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Dysentery or Diarrhea
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Disorders of the Digestive System
  GERD   Gastroesophageal reflux disease
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HEPATITIS  A, B, C
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Hepatitis A Vaccine Who should get this
vaccine?Many people are recommended to receive
hepatitis A vaccine, including people at
increased risk for exposure to hepatitis A virus
infection and people who are more likely to get
seriously ill if infected with the virus
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• Hepatitis A is caused by eating food and drinking
  water infected with a virus called HAV.  While it
  can cause swelling and inflammation in the liver,
  it doesn't lead to chronic, or life long,
  disease. Almost everyone who gets hepatitis A has
  a full recovery, but may need hospitization
•  
• Hepatitis B is caused by the virus HBV. It is
  spread by contact with an infected person's
  blood, semen, or other body fluid. And, it is a
  sexually transmitted disease (STD).  
•  
• Information on Hepatitis B
•  
• Some people never develop symptoms, others
  develop chronic symptoms that stay with them
  their whole life.  

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Hepatitis C is caused by the virus HCV. It is
spread the same way as hepatitis B, through
contact with an infected person's blood, semen,
or body fluid (see above).    Like hepatitis B,
hepatitis C causes swelling of the liver and can
cause liver damage that can lead to cancer. Most
people who have hepatitis C develop a chronic
infection. This may lead to a scarring of the
liver, called cirrhosis.   
Blood banks test all donated blood for hepatitis
C, greatly reducing the risk for getting the
virus from blood transfusions or blood products.
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How to Make Fake Poop...
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LABEL THIS!
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1.  esophagus 2.  liver 3.  stomach 4. pyloric
sphincter 5.  duodenum 6.  pancreas 7.
 jejunum 8.  ileum 9.  cecum 10. appendix 11.
 ascending colon 12.  descending colon 13.
 sigmoid colong 14.  anus
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Nutrition
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Crohns Disease
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IBS  - Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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STOMACH ULCERS
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Lactose Intolerance    Inability to digest milk,
can cause stomach upset
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Appendicitis
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Hernia intestines poke through abdominal muscles
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When people with celiac disease eat foods or use
products containing gluten, their immune system
responds by damaging or destroying
villi Without healthy villi, a person becomes
malnourished, no matter how much food one eats.
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Gallstones  (Cholelithiasis)Gallstones are made
from cholesterol and other things found in the
bile. They can be smaller than a grain of sand or
as large as a golf ball.
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Gastric Bypass Surgery

• http//www.hurtbyadoctor.com/Gastric-Bypass-Surger
  y-Malpractice-Lawsuits-Information-Home.htm

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Colon Cancer

• Colonoscopy is a screening technique to detect
  cancer. 
• See Katie Couric's Colonoscopy