INTRODUCTION TO BODY STRUCTURE

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INTRODUCTION TO BODY STRUCTURE
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I. Levels of Structural Organization

• A. Our Bodies are organized into 4 levels
• Cells ? Tissues ? Organs ? Organ Systems
• Tissues are a groups of cells that work
• together to perform a particular function.

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B. 4 Basic kinds of tissue

• 1. Epithelial
• 2. Nervous
• 3. Connective
• 4. Muscle

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Epithelial

• Lines most body surfaces
• Protects from dehydration
• and physical damage
• Only a few cells thick
• Shape Flat and Thin
• They are constantly being replaced.
• Cells contain very little cytoplasm.

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Nervous

• Carry information throughout the body.

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Connective

• Supports, protects and insulates the body.
• Includes fat, cartilage, bone, tendons and blood.
• Cells in bone are densely packed while cells in
  blood are farther apart from each other.

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Muscle Tissue

• Enable the Movement of body structures by Muscle
  Contraction
• 3 kinds of muscle tissue Skeletal,smooth and
  cardiac
• 1. Skeletal Muscle is called VOLUNTARY muscle
  because you can Consciously control its
  contractions. This muscle moves BONES and LIMBS.

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3 kinds of muscle tissue Skeletal,smooth and
cardiac cont

• 2. Smooth muscle is called INVOLUNTARY muscle
  because you CANNOT CONSCIOUSLY control its slow,
  long lasting contractions. Some must be
  STIMULATED to CONTRACT, others CONTRACT
  spontaneously.

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3 kinds of muscle tissue Skeletal,smooth and
cardiac cont

• 3. Cardiac muscle is found in the HEART. The
  contractions of cardiac muscle pump BLOOD to all
  body tissues.

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STEM CELLS

• ARE UNDIFFERENTIATED WHICH MEANS THAT THEY WILL
  GIVE RISE TO ALL OF THE OTHER TYPES OF CELLS. An
  embryonic stem cell can become ANY TYPE OF TISSUE
  IN THE BODY. The use of human embryonic stem
  cells is CONTROVERSIAL. WHY?

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Organ Systems

• Each system is made up of ORGANS that work
  together to perform certain functions.
• Look at your Body systems chart
• Which system is made up of skin, hair and nails?
• Integumentary
• What is the function of this system?
• protects against injury, infection and fluid
  losshelps regulate body temp
• The pancreas is part of which 2 systems?
• Digestive and endocrine

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Body Cavities

• The major organs of the Body are protected by 4
  large fluid-filled spaces called BODY CAVITIES.
• What are the 4 body cavities?
• CRANIAL,SPINAL,THORACIC,ABDOMINAL

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• Cranial cavity protects THE BRAIN WITH SKULL
• Spinal cavity protects THE SPINAL CORD WITH THE
  VERTEBRAE
• Thoracic cavity protects THE HEART AND LUNGS WITH
  THE RIBS AND STERNUM
• Abdominal cavity protects THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS
  WITH THE PELVIS AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLES.

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ENDOTHERMY

• Humans are ENDOTHERMIC which means that our
  bodies maintain a constant internal TEMPERATURE.
• A large amount of food you eat is devoted to
  MAINTAINING YOUR BODY TEMPERATURE.
• To maintain HOMEOSTASIS, the bodys organ systems
  must function smoothly TOGETHER.
• What does homeostasis mean?? Look it up if you
  dont remember!!!!

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• HOMEOSTASIS INCLUDES BODY TEMP REGULATION,
  ADJUSTING METABOLISM, DETECTING AND RESPONDING TO
  ENVIRONMENTAL STIMULI, AND MAINTAINING WATER AND
  MINERAL BALANCES

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• Try to perform a few simple tasks without bending
  your fingers, such as picking up your pencil,
  turning a page, puttin on your jacket, tying your
  shoe.
• How important are joints?

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Skeletal system

• The functions of the
• skeleton include
• PROTECTION FOR INTERNAL ORGANS
• ENABLES MOVEMENT (WORKS WITH MUSCULAR SYSTEM)

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• The human skeleton is made up of 206 bones.
• (80 form the AXIAL skeleton and 126 form the
  APPENDICULAR skeleton)

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• The skull, spine, ribs and sternum are part of
  the AXIAL skeleton and the bones of the arms,
  legs, pelvis and shoulder are part of the
  APPENDICULAR

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skull
clavicle
Maxilla
Mandible
scapula
sternum
Xiphoid Process
Ribs
humerus
vertebrate
Pelvic girdle
Ilium
radius
Sacrum
ulna
coccyx
carpels
ischium
metacarpels
phalanges
femur
patella
tibia
fibula
tarsels
metatarsels
phalanges
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Atlas
Axis
Cervical - 7
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
sacrum
coccyx
Calcaneus
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Hands and Feet Bones
carpels
tarsels
metacarpels
metatarsels
phalanges
phalanges
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Parietal Lobe
Frontal Lobe
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Temporal Lobe
Nasal
Zygomatic
Maxilla
Occipital Lobe
Mandible
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Structure of the Bone
Spongy Bone
Compact Bone
Yellow Marrow
Red Marrow
Blood Vessels
Periosteum
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• Some cavities in spongy bone are filled with a
  soft tissue called BONE MARROW.
• Red Marrow- PRODUCTION OF ALL BLOOD CELLS AND
  PLATELETS
• Yellow Marrow- CONSISTS OF FAT WHICH STORES
  ENERGY
• Periosteum- TOUGH EXTERIOR THAT SURROUND AND
  PROTECTS BONES.
• The periosteum contains many BLOOD VESSELS that
  supply NUTRIENTS to bones.

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• In Early development, the skeleton is mostly made
  of CARTILAGE. During development, cartilage is
  replaced with BONE.

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OSTEOPOROSIS

• Is caused by severe BONE LOSS. Osteoporosis means
  POROUS BONES. Bones affected by osteoporosis
  become brittle and are easily broken.
• How to prevent it? EAT A HEALTHY DIET RICH IN
  VITAMINS AND MINERALS AND EXERCISE.

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Muscular System

• Muscles and Movement
• Every time you MOVE you use your MUSCLES.
• Movement of the Skeleton
• Muscles can move body parts because they are
  attached to the BONES OF THE SKELETON by TENDONS.
• One attachment of the muscle that remains
  stationary during a muscle contraction is the
  ORIGIN. The muscle pulls AGAINST the origin.

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• The INSERTION is the bone that MOVES during the
  contraction.
• Movement occurs when A MUSCLE CONTRACTION PULLS
  THE MUSCLES INSERTION TOWARD ITS ORIGIN.
• Skeletal muscles are generally attached in
  opposing PAIRS. One muscle in a pair pulls a bone
  in one DIRECTION and the other muscle pulls the
  bone in the OPPOSITE DIRECTION.

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• In the limbs (arms,legs, etc. ) each opposing
  pair of muscles includes a FLEXOR muscle and an
  EXTENSOR muscle.
• Answer the questions below

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MUSCLE CELLS

• ARE ELASTIC
• CONTAIN ACTIN AND MYOSIN WHICH ENABLE MUSCLE TO
  CONTRACT
• HAVE THE ABILITY TO STRETCH OR EXPAND
• HAVE THE ABILITY TO RESPOND TO STIMULI (SUCH AS
  SIGNAL MOLECULES RELEASED BY NERVE CELLS)

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• Muscle cells require a lot of ENERGY. The energy
  molecule that is used is ATP. ATP is also used to
  move CALCIUM ions into muscle cells. Without
  CALCIUM IONS and ATP, muscle cells could not
  contract.

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Aerobic and Anaerobic Energy Pathways

• (aerobic with oxygen anaerobic without oxygen)
  During strenuous workouts muscles can use only
  GLYCOGEN as an energy source. When ATP use
  EXCEEDS production, muscle fatigue and soreness
  may result.

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• HAVE YOU EVER BEEN TOLD
• THAT YOUR EPIDERMIS IS
• SHOWING?
• WELL IT IS!!!!!!!!!!

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INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM-SKIN,HAIR AND NAILS

• SKIN
• Largest organ of the body
• Protects the body from injury
• Provides the first line of defense against
  disease
• Helps regulate body temperature
• Prevents the body from drying out

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The 2 primary layers of skin are the DERMIS and
EPIDERMIS.

• EPIDERMIS
• The OUTERMOST layer of skin are the DERMIS and
  EPIDERMIS. It is made up of several layers of
  EPITHELIAL cells. The outside layer of cells are
  dead and are made up of the protein KERATIN. This
  protein makes the skin TOUGH and WATERPROOF.

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• Cells of the epidermis are shed about a MONTH
  after they reach the surface. The inner layer of
  the epidermis contains the pigment MELANIN which
  determines a persons SKIN COLOR. Exposure to UV
  radiation INCREASES the production of melanin,
  giving some people a SUNTAN.

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Dermis

• The dermis is the FUNCTIONAL layer of skin
  beneath the epidermis.
• The dermis contains
• NERVE CELLS, BLOOD VESSELS, HAIR FOLLICLES,
  AND SPECIALIZED SKIN CELLS and tiny MUSCLES.
  These tiny muscles cause you to get GOOSE BUMPS.

muscle
Sebaceuos gland
Hair follicle
epidermis
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Subcutaneous Tissue

• It is located under the DERMIS and is made mostly
  of FAT.
• This layer acts as a
• SHOCK ABSORBER
• PROVIDES ADDITIONAL INSULATION
• STORES ENERGY
• ANCHORS SKIN TO ORGANS

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Hair and Nails

• They come from the EPIDERMIS.
• Hair PROTECTS and INSULATES the body. Hair is
  mostly made from dead KERATIN-FILLED cells.

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Hair shaft
Nerve
epidermis
pore
Dermis
Oil gland
Hair follicle
muscle
Blood vessel
Sweat gland
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Skin Disorders

• ACNE
• Involves the Skins OIL PRODUCING GLANDS
• Oil glands release SEBUM. Acne is caused by
  excessive secretion of sebum which BLOCKS PORES
  WITH OIL, DIRT AND BACTERIA. The surrounding
  tissue becomes infected and the pores accumulate
  pus, producing PIMPLES

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• Skin Cancer
• Can result form overexposure to UV RADIATION.
• CARCINOMAS are the most common types of skin
  cancer.

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• Malignant melanoma is a cancer caused by
  MUTATIONS in pigment-producing cells.
• Prevention of skin cancer includes AVOID
  OVER-EXPOSURE TO SUN WEAR SUNSCREEN