Introduction to Anatomy

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Introduction to Anatomy Physiology
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Anatomy and Physiology Defined

• Anatomy is the study of structure and the
  relationship among structures.

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Anatomy and Physiology Defined

• Physiology is the study of how body structures
  function.

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Levels of Structural Organization

• The human body consists of several levels of
  structural organization chemical, cellular,
  tissue, organ, system, and organismic levels.

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Structural Plan

• The human body has certain general
  characteristics.
• Among the characteristics are a backbone, a tube
  within a tube organization, andbilateral
  symmetry.

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Directional Terms indicate the relationship of
one part of the body to another.

• proximal (nearer the attachment of an extremity
  to the trunk or a structure)
• distal (farther from the attachment of an
  extremity to the trunk or a structure)
• superficial (on the surface of the body)
• deep (away from the surface of the body)
• parietal (outer wall of a cavity)
• visceral covering of an organ).

• superior (toward the head)
• inferior (away from the head)
• anterior (near front of the body)
• posterior (near back of the body)
• medial (near midline of the body)
• lateral (near side of the body)
• intermediate (between a medial and lateral
  structure)
• ipsilateral (same side of the body)
• contralateral (opposite side of body)

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Planes

• Planes are imaginary flat surfaces that are used
  to divide the body or organs into definite areas.
  
• A median plane is a vertical plane through the
  midline of the body that divides the body or
  organs into equal right and left sides
• A sagittal plane is a plane parallel to the
  midsagittal plane that divides the body or organs
  into unequal right and left sides
• A frontal/coronal plane is a plane at a right
  angle to a median (or sagittal) plane that
  divides the body or organs into anterior and
  posterior portions
• A horizontal/transverse plane is a plane parallel
  to the ground and at a right angle to the median,
  sagittal, and frontal planes that divides the
  body or organs into superior and inferior
  portions.

The purple is on your handout. NO NEED to write
this out again!
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Abdominopelvic Regions

• To describe the location of organs easily, the
  abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into nine
  regions by drawing four imaginary lines.
• The names of the nine abdominopelvic regions are
  epigastric, right hypochondriac, left
  hypochondriac, umbilical, right lumbar, left
  lumbar, hypogastric (pubic), right iliac
  (inguinal), and left iliac (inguinal).

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Directional Terms

• In the following activity you will practice
  labeling directional terms on a body.
• Trace the outline of a group members body on
  butcher paper.
• Label the following directional terms superior,
  inferior, anterior, posterior, medial, lateral,
  intermediate, ipsilateral, contralateral,
  proximal, distal.
• You need to create a REFERENCE POINT for
  ipsilateral contralateral (eye patch).
• Make if LEGIBLE colorful (if there is time)

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Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• The abdominopelvic cavity may be divided into
  four quadrants by passing imaginary horizontal
  and vertical lines through the umbilicus.
• The names of the four abdominopelvic quadrants
  are right upper quadrant (RUQ), left upper
  quadrant (LUQ), right lower quadrant (RLQ). And
  left lower quadrant (LLQ).

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Body Cavities

• Spaces in the body that contain internal organs
  are called cavities.
• There are two major body cavities Dorsal
  Ventral Cavity.
• The dorsal body cavity contains the brain and the
  spine.
• It is subdivided into cranial (brain) and
  vertebral/spinal cavities (spinal cord)
• Ventral body cavity is the space of the bodys
  trunk anterior to the vertebral column and
  posterior to the sternum and abdominal muscle
  wall.
• Further divided into The thoracic cavity (heart,
  lungs, trachea, etc) and the abdominopelvic
  cavity (liver, stomach, kidneys, etc).
•  

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BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES

• The body cavities are lined with serous membranes
  that provide a smooth surface for the enclosed
  internal organs.
• Abdominal cavity membrane peritoneum.
•  Dorsal cavity membrane Dura mater
• Thoracic cavity membrane pleura
• Membranes are doubled layered with lubricant
  fluid between them.
• The 2 layers
• Visceral layer the thin membranes that covers
  an organ in a cavity.
• Parietal actual wall of a body cavity or lining
  membrane that covers its surface.
• Example Parietal peritoneum line abdominal
  cavity. Visceral peritoneum lines abdominal
  organs
•  

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Descriptive Terms of the Body Region

• Terms used for the body found on your handout.

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Descriptive Terms of the Body Region
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Body Types

• Somatotype is a term used to describe a specific
  body build or physique.
• There are three body types
• Endomorph
• Mesomorph
• Ectomorph

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Endomorph
Apple

• Heavy rounded physique characterized by large
  accumulation of fat in trunk and thighs.
• Apple shaped endomorphs have large waistlines
  more health risks.
• Pear shaped endomorphs have smaller waists and
  more fat in the hip, thighs, and buttock. Less
  health risks then apples.

Pear
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Mesomorph

• Muscular physique

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Ectomorph

• Thin, fragile physique characterized by little
  body fat.

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Body Types

• In your journal, make a chart with the column
  below
• Looking through a magazine, find examples of the
  three body types.
• Cut out the pictures and glue them on to your
  journal.
• Point out the following body regions on your
  pictures orbital, nasal, buccal, pectoral,
  deltoid, axillary, carpal, femoral, patellar,
  tarsal, lumbar, gluteal, popliteal.

Mesomorph Endomorph Ectomorph

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Homeostasis

• Homeostasis is a condition in which the internal
  environment of the body remains relatively
  constant in terms of chemical composition,
  temperature, and pressure.
• All body systems attempt to maintain homeostasis.
  
• Homeostasis is controlled mainly by the nervous
  and endocrine systems.

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Set point of range

• The normal reading or range of a condition.
• For example set point of glucose/ml is between
  80 and 100 mg.
• Homeostasis attempts to keep reading within the
  set point of range.

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Homeostatic control measures

• Processes for maintaining homeostasis is called
  homeostatic control measures.
• Feedback control loops are used to accomplish
  self regulation.
• Information is transmitted by way of nerve
  impulses or chemical messengers called hormones.

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Components of Control Mechanisms

• Sensor mechanisms
• Integrating or control center
• Effector mechanism
• Feedback
• Signals can be either Afferent (move toward a
  particular center) or Efferent (moves away from a
  particular center)

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Sensory Mechanisms

• Nerve cells or hormone producing glands act as
  homeostatic sensors.
• They identify changes conditions (temp., blood
  glucose) that move it out of the set point of
  range.
• If deviations from set point range occur, an
  afferent signal is sent to the integration or
  control center.

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Nerve receptors on skin feel cold
Sends info
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Integration/Control Center

• Integration center receives signal.
• Information is analyzed.
• Efferent signal then travels from the center to a
  effector mechanism, where an action is initiated.

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Nerve receptors on skin feel cold.
Sends info
Hypothalamus receive info
Sends instructions
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Effectors

• Effectors are organs, such as muscles or glands,
  that directly influence the bodys physiology.
• An effector can increase or decrease temperature,
  heart rate, blood pressure, etc.

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Nerve receptors on skin feel cold.
Sends info
Temperature increases.
Hypothalamus receive info
Muscle reacts by shivering.
Sends instructions
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Feedback

• Homeostatic controls can be labeled as positive
  or negative.
• Most homeostatic controls are negative.

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Positive feedback

• Positive feedback mechanisms are designed to
  accelerate or enhance the output created by a
  stimulus that has already been activated.
• Ex. Blood clotting increase the amount of
  platelets released.

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Negative Feedback

• Negative feedback mechanism consists of bringing
  a system back to its normal range of functioning.
• Ex. Shivering brings low temperature back up.