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Introduction to Human Anatomy

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Title: Lecture Author: Anatomy Last modified by: Admin Created Date: 11/13/1995 7:47:00 PM Document presentation format: Other titles: Times Wingdings ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Introduction to Human Anatomy


1
Introduction to Human Anatomy
2
Some definitions
  • Morphology
  • -form that structures take on.
  • -Morphology affects function
  • Structure
  • -a part of the body. Can either be
    microscopic (small) or macroscopic (large).
  • Function
  • -refers to physical behavior. What a
    structure does.
  • -Function is related to structuresFunctional
    Morphology

3
  • Normal vs. Abnormal
  • -We must understand the normal situation to
    be able to compare it with and recognize the
    abnormal.
  • Topographic Anatomy
  • -Structures on the surface of the skin can
    be used to identify and locate deeper structures,
    organs, and tissues beneath the skin.

4
  • Structure defines and restricts function.
  • - certain joints can only move in one
    direction. For example a hinge joint can only
    have motion perpendicular to the axis of the
    joint. The knee joint (hinge) cannot have motion
    in the lateral direction because that goes
    against the axis.

5
ANATOMY
  • Study of structure.
  • ANA apart
  • TOMY to
    cut

6
Our study of Human Anatomy will look at both,
gross and histological anatomy.
7
Anatomical Terminology
8
Anatomical Axes - axes are like skewers which
pass through the body. They are used to describe
axes about which rotation movements take place -
very similar to the pin in a door hinge. The door
moves in a plane around an axis - the plane is
determined by the orientation of the pin in the
hinge.
9
Superior
Inferior
10
Anatomical Position
  • This is a reference position that allows for the
    use of consistent directional terminology.
  • All descriptions of location are made from within
    anatomical position.
  • Subject is facing forward with palms forward,
    thumbs facing to the sides.

11
Anatomical Position
This is the position from which all directions
and descriptions are made. The person is
standing erect, palms facing anteriorly, feet
together and facing forward.
12
Superior
TRANSVERSE PLANE
Inferior
13
Body Midline
EYES
Medial
Sagittal Plane
Lateral
EARS
14
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15
The Extremities have a different set of terms
The arm is DISTAL
TO THE TRUNK or MIDLINE OF THE BODY
The upper arm is PROXIMAL
16
The eyes are SUPERIOR to the mouth.
The mouth is INFERIOR to the eyes.
17
BACK
FRONT
CORONAL P L A N E
The umbilicus is ANTERIOR to the gluteus maximus.
The gluteus maximus is POSTERIOR to the umbilicus.
IN FRONT OF
IN BACK OF
Also called VENTRAL
Also called DORSAL
18
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19
  • In four legged animals, the head is ANTERIOR to
    the tail. In two legged animals, the head is
    SUPERIOR to the tail.
  • In four legged animals, the region toward the
    head is CRANIAL. The region toward the tail is
    CAUDAL.

20
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
  • What is the relationship?
  • knee to thigh
  • Nipple to belly button
  • Chin to eyes
  • Little toe to big toe

21
SKIN
SUPERFICIAL toward the surface
DEEP away from the surface
22
DIRECTIONAL TERMS FOR MUSCLES
ORIGIN attachment of muscle on a fixed point,
closest to midline
INSERTION attachment of muscle that is
moveable, farthest from midline.
THIGH BONE (FEMUR)
LEG BONE
23
Medial vs. Median A median structure is one
which is in the median (midline) plane of the
body (such as the sternum, the umbilicus and the
symphysis pubis). The term medial is a relative
term and must be used to compare two structures
one structure being medial or closer to the
median plane of the body than the other structure.
24
Hands and Feet Palmar or Volar means the
anterior surface or palm of the hand. Plantar
means the inferior surface or sole of the foot.
Dorsum of the hand and foot refers to the
superior surface of the foot and posterior
surface of the hand.
25
Ipsilateral and Contralateral refer to the same
or opposite sides of the body, respectively. Ips
ilateral refers to the same side of the body,
e.g., the right arm and right leg are
ipsilateral structures. Contralateral refers to
opposite sides of the body e.g., the right arm
and the left arm are contralateral structures.
26
Cardinal Body Planes
Cardinal Body Planes
27
Regional Terminology
28
Organization of the Human Body
  • The body is organized from the smallest part to
    the largest part.
  • Chemical Level
  • - atoms, molecules
  • - carbohydrates, lipids, fats, proteins,
    nucleic acids
  • Cellular Level
  • -simplest structural unit
  • -basic unit of life
  • -smallest unit that can live on its own

29
  • Tissue Level
  • - a group of cells with common origin,
    structure, and function.
  • - cells within a tissue all work toward a
    common goal (i.e. movement, nutrition, etc.)
  • Organ Level
  • - a group of tissues that have a common
    function.

30
  • Organ System Level
  • - a group of organs with a special function.
  • - Digestive System, Nervous System, etc
  • Organismal Level
  • - A group of organ systems that at some
    point in time is capable of sustaining life.
  • - All organ systems work together in an
    organism.

31
Human Body Plan
  • Vertebrates Have Some Common Features
  • Tube within a tube body plan
  • inner tube mouth to anus
  • - respiratory organs
  • - digestive organs
  • outer tube axial skeleton
  • - axial musulature

32
  • Bilateral Symmetry
  • - left half of the body is a mirror image of
    the right half.
  • - structures in the median plane are unpaired,
    but have identical left and right sides.

33
  • Dorsal hollow nerve cord
  • - develops into the brain and spinal
    cord.
  • Notochord
  • - stiff rod just deep to the spinal
    cord.
  • - present in the embryo, but is
    replaced by
  • the vertebrae later in development.

34
  • Segmentation
  • - repeating units of similar structures
    running along the length of the trunk.
  • - examples include the ribs and intercostal
    muscles and the vertebral column.

35
  • Pharyngeal Pouches
  • - pharynx outpouchings called pouches that
    correspond to the clefts between the gills of a
    fish.
  • - present in the embryo only.

36
Body Cavities and Membranes
  • Dorsal Body Cavity
  • - cranial cavity
  • - vertebral cavity
  • Ventral Body Cavity
  • - contains the viscera
  • - 2 divisions
  • 1. thoracic cavity
  • a. Pleural cavity
  • b. Mediastinum
  • c. Pericardium
  • 2. abdominal cavity
  • a. Abdomen
  • b. Pelvis
  • Serous Cavities
  • - 2 layers
  • parietal layer - outer walls
    of the cavity
  • visceral layer inner layer
    covers the visceral organs
  • water between the membranes is a
    watery fluid

37
The abdomen is divided into four quadrants which
are further subdivided into nine regions. Each
region is named for its relationship with the
umbilicus. Clinically, each region is associated
with specific organs.
38
Fertilization Four Major Steps
  1. Sperm contacts the egg
  2. Sperm or its nucleus enters the egg
  3. Egg becomes activated and developmentalchanges
    begin
  4. Sperm and egg nuclei fuse

39
Words to know
  • Fuse- to physically join together
  • Ovum egg cell (female gamete)
  • Cleavage process of cell division during
    development
  • Differentiation the process of forming
    different kinds of cells from similar cells of
    the early embryo
  • Embryo an organism in an early stage of
    development
  • Morula solid ball of cells formed from cleavage
  • Blastula hollow ball of cells formed from
    cleavage
  • Gastrula a hollow ball of cells with an in
    pushing and 3 layers (germ layers)

40
Fertilization
41
The Nuclei Fuse Together
42
  • Development of the zygote, the study of which is
    known as embryology or developmental biology.
  • The zygote undergoes a series of mitotic cell
    divisions called cleavage.
  • The stages of development are Fertilized ovum
    (zygote) ? 2-cell stage ? 4-cell stage ? 8-cell
    stage ? Morula ? Blastula ? Early Gastrula ? Late
    Gastrula

43
Cleavage (divide via mitosis) forms the 2 cell
stage
44
And eventually form a Morula
45
And next, a gastrula
46
The Regents Diagram
  • Sperm and ovum
  • Zygote (fertilized ovum)
  • 2-cell stage
  • 4-cell stage
  • Morula
  • Blastula
  • Gastrula

47
Differentiation (Organogenesis)
  • Organogenesis is the formation of the organs
    (Organo organs, genesis creation)
  • Arises from the layering of cells that occurs
    during gastrula stage
  • The layers are germ layers they have specific
    fates in the developing embryo
  • Endoderm
  • The innermost layer
  • Goes on to form the gut
  • Mesoderm
  • In the middle
  • Goes on to form the muscles, circulatory system,
    blood and many different organs
  • Ectoderm
  • The outermost
  • Goes on to form the skin and nervous system

48
Late Gastrula
Endoderm
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
49
Differentiation of Primary Germ Layers (from the
gastrula)
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
Nervous system Skeleton Digestive tract
Epidermis of skin Muscles Respiratory system
Circulatory system Liver, pancreas
Gonads Bladder
50
Early Human Development Summary
  • Meiosis makes sperm in males and ovum in females
  • Sperm and ovum unite nuclei to form a zygote
  • Zygote undergoes cleavage and becomes gastrula
    with 3 germ layers
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