Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Chapter 1

• Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Learning Targets

• By the end of this lesson, you should be able to
• Explain the difference between anatomy
  physiology.
• List characteristics that all animals share.
• List the requirements of animals.
• Name the 11 systems of the body.
• Explain the functions of each of the 11 systems
  of the body.

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• Anatomy and Physiolog
• Anatomy -- deals with the structure of the body
  and its parts
• Physiology -- studies the functions (jobs)of
  these parts
• A P are closely related because structure is
  related to function.

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• More common to discover new information about
  physiology, but anatomical discoveries are being
  made as well
• Example (from July, 2008)

A hundred years ago, the spleen (located in the
upper quadrant of the abdomen) was thought to be
only reservoir for blood. It has only been in
recent years that scientists discovered that the
spleen is a manufacturing plant for immune cells,
and a site where immune cells and nerves
interact. The spleen defends the body against
infection, particularly encapsulated bacteria
that circulate through the blood.
In a major step in understanding how the nervous
system and the immune system interact, scientists
at The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research
have identified a new anatomical path through
which the brain and the spleen communicate.
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• Characteristics of animal life include (click
  for video)
• (all animals have all of these in common)
• 1. Movement self-initiated change in position,
  motion of internal parts
• 2. Response to stimuli
• 3. Growth
• 4. Respiration oxygen in, carbon dioxide out
• 5. Digestion
• 6. Absorption nutrients taken into bloodstream
• 7. Circulation movement of substances in bodily
  fluids
• 8. Assimilation changing absorbed substances
  into chemically
• different forms

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• 9. Excretion removal of wastes
• 10. Reproduction
• To remember this list, image yourself doing
  these things.

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Mental Mapping

• I ride my bike Subway (movement).
• I stop at the traffic light (response)
• My body is growing (growth)
• I am breathing air (respiration)
• I get a footlong BMT and 3 cookies and eat it
  all(digestion).
• The protein from my sandwich is absorbed into my
  body (absorption)
• The nutrients from the sandwich circulate in my
  body (circulation)
• The proteins and other nutrients are changed to
  things my body needs (assimilation)
• Eventually, I go to the bathroom (excretion)
• Someday I may reproduce ? (reproduction)

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• The total of all the chemical reactions that are
  continuously at work to maintain these
  characteristics is referred to as metabolism.
• Fast metabolismthese people use the energy in
  food (measured in calories) more quickly than
  others
• Slow metabolismthese people use the energy in
  food more slowly

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• Requirements of Organisms
• Life depends on the availability of the
  following
• a. Water
• b. Food
• c. Oxygen
• d. Heat (a by-product of metabolism its
  presence governs the rate at which reactions
  occur)
• e. Pressure (force required to facilitate
  movement of air or fluids)

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• Levels of Organization

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• Organization of the Human Body
• Major features of the human body include its
  cavities, membranes, and organ systems.

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• Body Cavities
• The body can be divided into an appendicular
  portion (upper and lower limbs) and an axial
  portion (head, neck, and trunk), which includes a
  dorsal and a ventral cavity. Organs within these
  cavities are called viscera.

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Label Body Cavities
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(No Transcript)
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• Organ Systems of the Body

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• 1. Integumentary system--skin, hair, nails, and
  various glands
• covers the body, senses changes outside the body,
  and helps regulate body temperature.

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• 2. Skeletal system -- bones ligaments.
• It supports, protects, provides frameworks,
  stores inorganic salts, and houses blood-forming
  tissues.

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• Muscular system consists of muscles
• provides body movement, posture, and is the main
  source of body heat.

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• Nervous system -- brain, spinal cord, nerves, and
  sense organs.
• It integrates incoming information from receptors
  and sends impulses to muscles and glands.

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• 5. Endocrine system includes all of the glands
  that secrete hormones
• helps to integrate metabolic functions

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• 6. Cardiovascular system -- heart and blood
  vessels
• distributes oxygen and nutrients throughout the
  body while removing wastes from the cells.

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• 7. Lymphatic system --lymphatic vessels, lymph
  nodes, thymus, and spleen
• drains excess tissue fluid and includes cells of
  immunity

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• Digestive system --mouth, esophagus, stomach,
  intestines, and accessory organs.
• Receives, breaks down, and absorbs nutrients.

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• Respiratory system lungs passageways
• exchanges gases between the blood and air

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• 10. Urinary system -- kidneys, ureters, bladder,
  and urethra,
• removes wastes from the blood and helps to
  maintain water and electrolyte balance.

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• 11. Reproductive system male repro. system
  consists of testes, accessory organs, and vessels
  that conduct sperm to penis
• --female repro. system consists of ovaries,
  uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, and external
  genitalia.
• Function in creation of new life

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Anatomical Position

• Standing erect
• Facing forward with legs slightly apart
• Palms up

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You do not need to write the info from this slide
down in your notes.you have flashcards of these
terms

• Anatomical Terminology
• Relative Positions
• 1. Terms of relative position are used to
  describe the location of a part relative to
  another part.
• 2. Terms of relative position include
  superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, medial,
  lateral, proximal, distal, superficial
  (peripheral), and deep.

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You do not need to write the info on this slide
down in your notes.you have flashcards of these
terms

• Body Sections
• 1. A sagittal section divides the body into
  right and left portions.
• 2. A transverse section divides the body into
  superior and inferior portions. It is often
  called a cross section.
• 3. A coronal section divides the body into
  anterior and posterior sections.

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