The Industrial Revolution

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The Industrial Revolution
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Essential Questions

• In what ways were living conditions already
  improving in Europe in the two centuries before
  the Industrial Revolution itself got under way? 
• What factors made England the home of the first
  phase of the Industrial Revolution, as opposed to
  other parts of Europe? 
• Why were the key inventions and technical
  developments of the early Industrial Revolution
  so heavily centered on the textile industry?

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Essential Questions (continued)

• Why was the development of the steam engine
  of such central importance to the birth of the
  Industrial Revolution? 
• Why were conditions in the earliest factories in
  industrial England so bad?  
• How successful were efforts in the 1800s to
  reform factory conditions and improve the
  position of workers and other poor people during
  the Industrial Revolution?

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Prelude The Population Explosion

• Famine
• War
• Disease
• Stricter quarantine measures
• The elimination of the black rat

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Further Reasons for Population Growth

• Advances in medicine, such as inoculation
  against smallpox
• Improvements in sanitation promoted better
  public health
• An increase in the food supply meant fewer
  famines and epidemics, especially as
  transportation improved

The hand of a person infected with smallpox
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The Enclosure Movement

• In the second half of the 17th century, the
  English gentry (landowners) passed the Enclosure
  Acts, prohibiting peasants access to
  common lands.

The enclosure division of the town of Thetford,
England, around 1760
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Innovations The Threshing Machine

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The Seed Drill

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Jethro Tull (16741741)

• Inventor of the seed drill

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Townshends Four-Field System
Charles Turnip Townshend
Crop rotation example