Key Terms

1
Key Terms The Counter Reformation

• Counter Reformation
• Council of Trent
• Jesuits
• Spanish Armada
• Wars of Religion
• Edict of Nantes
• Thirty Years War
• Peace of Westphalia
• Nations

• Absolutism
• Divine Right
• The Spanish Reconquista
• Ferdinand and Isabella
• Spanish Inquisition

2
Background

• The impact of the Reformation was felt throughout
  all of Europe as leaders sought to suppress it to
  maintain their own power while lesser rulers
  encouraged it to increase their own independence
  and power.
• The Catholic Church had to find a way to rebuild
  its image after having many criticisms about its
  methods spread throughout all of Europe. This
  attempt would be known as the Counter-Reformation
• Pope John Paul II would call the Council of Trent
  as a means of trying to restore faith in the
  Church.

3
The Council of Trent

• The Council of Trent set out to correct many of
  the problems that existed within the Church in
  1536. Real action would not be taken until 1542.
• The Council of Trent decreed
• Sale of indulgences would end
• New clergy would be trained
• Vague Christian doctrines would be clearly
  defined
• Mass and other rituals would be said in Latin
• Latin Vulgate would be the only acceptable
  version of the Bible
• The seven sacraments would be reinforced.

4
Other Changes with the Council

• As a means of reinforcing the changes brought
  about by the Council of Trent, other actions were
  taken
• New orders of Christian missionaries were
  established ? the Jesuits would be constructed
  they are also known as the soldiers of
  Christianity as they attempted to spread the word
  of change to Catholics and Christians everywhere.
• Missions were now sent to many of the Protestant
  areas of Europe to counteract the effects of the
  Reformation.

5
The Spanish Armada

• Philip II would send a massive fleet of ships to
  prepare an invasion of Protestant England in
  1588.
• The Spanish Armada ? massive naval fleet intended
  to soften the British navy and ease invasion.
• Philip saw Protestant England as a direct rival
  of Catholic Spain, hence felt that his actions
  would be supported by the Church.
• The Armada would be defeated by the smaller
  British navy due to high winds and poor strategy.

6
Wars of Religion (France)

• Wars of Religion (1562-1598) ? wars fought
  between Catholics and Calvinist Huguenots in
  France.
• Huguenots were heavily persecuted for their
  beliefs and massacres and conspiracies were
  prevalent for an entire generation.
• The wars would be ended by the Edict of Nantes in
  1598.

7
Edict of Nantes (1598)

• Henry V would decree the Edict of Nantes to end
  the Wars of Religion in France.
• The Edict of Nantes decreed
• Protestants could hold government office
• Protestants could have limited freedom of worship
  and access to education.
• Special courts would be set up to deal with
  religious differences

8
Thirty Years War

• Thirty Years' War ? war in Germany that lasted
  from 1618-1648 that began as a Protestant revolt
  but evolved into a European religious war.
• Many countries went into Germany to take part in
  the war and it resulted in the deaths of many
  people and the destruction of many towns.
• The war would be ended by the Peace of Westphalia
  in 1648.

9
The Peace of Westphalia

• The Peace of Westphalia was considered a landmark
  decree because it ultimately ended the religious
  warfare in Europe that had decimated the major
  nations.
• It decreed
• Germany would be fragmented into 300 smaller
  states due to religious difference.
• Helped in the decline of the Holy Roman Empire
• Took territories away from Denmark and Austria
• Gave stronger authority to Catholic France.

10
The Rise of the Nation-State

• - Kings who had regained their power from the
  church, feudal lords, and independence of cities
  established nations
• - Nations ? signify people joined by common
  backgrounds, cultures, and languages.
• - By force of will and absolutist principles
  they were able to consolidate conflicting
  interests.
• - Absolutism ? concentration of power in the
  hands of one person or a group of persons
• - Typically used divine right (idea that rulers
  were chosen by God and could only be held
  accountable for their actions by Him) to justify
  their rule

11
The Spanish Reconquista

• - The Spanish Catholics began a slow re-conquest
  of Spanish territories from the Muslims that had
  resided there since the 8th Century this was
  known as the Reconquista.
• - The push was led by Ferdinand and Isabella ?
  co-rulers of Spain who pushed the spread of
  Catholicism in Spain.

12
The Spanish Inquisition

• - As a means of ensuring that Spain remained
  Catholic, the royal family sanctioned trials in
  which Catholics were proven to be faithful.
• - Many converts were tested, specifically Jews
  and Muslims.
• - If they were suspected of still following their
  old beliefs, they would be tortured until they
  confessed to heresy.

13
Results

• - The Counter-Reformation and the subsequent wars
  fought over religion caused great change in
  Europe.
• - Many rulers believed that power needed to rest
  within one person, hence the rise of absolute
  rule and hereditary succession.
• - Other areas sought to suppress the spread of
  new religions through expulsions, inquisitions,
  and warfare.
• - Many people will attempt to thwart absolutism
  as a result of new, more restrictive policies.