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   I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the
crimes of this guilty land will never be purged
away but with blood. -John Brown
Daily Comment Card
1820-1860
1857
ANTEBELLUM REFORM
DRED SCOTT v. SANDFORD
-Supreme Court case of Slave taken by his master
from Missouri, slave state, to Illinois, free
state -Scott sued for freedom after returning to
Missouri -It was ruled that Scott did not have
the rights of citizenship and could not sue -Also
ruled that Congress had no power to prohibit
slavery, because of rights of property.
-Explosion in number of colleges (Oberlin
College in Ohio was first co-ed
college) -Expansion of state-supported
elementary and other public schools (because
of leadership of Horace Mann) -Dorothea Dix led
in the establishment of asylums for humane
treatment of the insane -Prisons reformed.
SONG FOR THE DAY THE FINAL COUNTDOWN
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STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO
-Discuss the importance of the Compromise of
1850, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Dred Scott
Decision to the Civil War. -Explain the
Brooks-Sumner incident and how it represents the
national divisions. -Explain the importance of
the election of 1860 and how it influenced the
start of the war.- -Define Underground Railroad,
Uncle Toms Cabin, and John Browns Raid
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 10.
Underground railroad
The Underground Railroad was a network of secret
routes and safe houses used by slaves to escape
to free states and Canada with the help of
abolitionists and allies. There were routes that
also lead to Mexico and overseas. Before it
became part of the United States, there were some
routes running to Florida. Usually, the term
refers to the operations in the 19th century,
with its peak season being from 1850 to 1860.
Some estimates suggest that as many as 100,000
slaves may have reached freedom through these
networks. The terminology of a railroad included
those who led others to freedom known as
conductors and safehouses known as stations.
Harriet Tubman, a runaway slave herself, was the
most famous conductor. She personally led over
300 to freedom.
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Underground
Railroad
-conductors
-stations
-Harriet Tubman
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 9.
Compromise of 1850
The Compromise of 1850 was made necessary because
of the territory acquired from the
Mexican-American War. Through this compromise,
California was admitted to the United States as a
free state. Slave trade was ended in Washington
D.C., the states of New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada,
Utah would be eventually admitted with votes
settling the slavery issue, and tougher laws were
enacted for those who helped runaway slaves.
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-Nullifies the Missouri Compromise of
1820 -California (free state), popular
sovereignty in NM, Nevada, AZ, Utah -Dispute
over TX -Slavery in DC/ no slave trade -Tougher
fugitive slave law
Senator Stephen Douglas was the leading proponent
of popular sovereignty
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• Top 10 events leading to the civil war
• Uncle toms cabin

Uncle Toms Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher
Stowe. The book intensified Northern
oppositition to slavery and actually sold more
copies than the Bible during this time period.
It helped raise awareness of the conditions faced
by slaves in the North. Lincoln called Mrs.
Stowe, the little lady who started the big war.
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Harriet Beecher Stowe -Gives many empathy for
slaves -best seller Uncle Toms Cabin
(1852) SELLS OVER 300,000 COPIES
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 7.
Kansas-nebraska act
The Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 allowed for the
Nebraska Territory to be divided into two
territories Kansas and Nebraska. The issue of
slavery was to be settled by popular sovereignty
(a vote by the people). The consequences of this
act were that the Missouri Compromise was
repealed and the sectional tension between the
North and South were increased. This act led to
the end of the Whig party it also led to the
formation of the Republican Party and the
nomination of Abraham Lincoln for President.
It also led to a hug push by both slavery and
anti-slavery forces to get supporters to move to
this area. A mini-civil war erupted in Kansas
with fighting leading to the area being labeled
Bleeding Kansas when pro-slavery forces won
the election and anti-slavery forces formed their
own government.
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-Popular Sovereignty Leads to bleeding kansas
-Repealed Missouri Compromise -Permitted
expansion of slavery -Led to
bloodshed -Split the Democratic
Party -Sparked formation of Republican party
SLAVERY FORCES WIN/ FREE SOILERS PROTEST BORDER
RUFFIANS
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 6.
Brooks-sumner incident
In 1856, a South Carolina Congressman, Preston
Brooks, nearly killed Charles Sumner on the
Senate floor two days after Sumner delivered an
intensely anti-slavery speech called "The Crime
against Kansas". In the speech, Sumner
characterized the South Carolina Senator Andrew
Butler, as a pimp for slavery (Butler and Brooks
were related).1 The episode played a major role
in the coming of the Civil War. It showed that
tensions were high throughout the country.
Brooks resigned his seat in Congress, but was
re-elected by the people of his state.
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-Charles Sumner gives speech Crime Against
Kansas -He is attacked in Senate chambers by
Preston Brooks for offending Brooks uncle.
Brooks breaks his cane -Brooks resigns, is
re-elected
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 5. Dred
scott decision
In 1857, the Supreme Court ruled that Black
people were not citizens of the United States and
therefore could not petition the Court. This
established the principle that national
legislation (meaning Congress) could not limit
the spread of slavery into territories. The
ruling in this case repealed the Northwest
Ordinance of 1787 and the Missouri Compromise of
1820. It meant that they could no longer be any
compromises over the addition of territory and
slavery.
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-Dred Scott is slave who sues for freedom in Dred
Scott v. Sandford -Chief Justice Tanney and
Supreme Court rule he is property and cannot
sue. -Supreme Court also says that Congress
cannot prohibit slavery in any territory
-Invalidated the Northwest Ordinance of 1787
and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 -Major issue
in Lincoln-Douglas debates -Closer to war
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 4. John
browns raid
John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was an attempt
by the white abolitionist John Brown to start an
armed slave revolt in 1859 by seizing a Federal
Arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown's
raid, accompanied by 20 men in his party, was
defeated by a detachment of U.S. Marines led by
Colonel Robert E. Lee. Brown was found guilty of
treason against the commonwealth of Virginia and
was hanged on December 2. (This execution was
witnessed by the actor John Wilkes Booth, who
would later assassinate President Abraham
Lincoln.)
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-John Brown plans raid on federal arsenal at
Harpers Ferry -7 killed 10 wounded -Robert E.
Lee (and military) sent in -Brown found guilty
despite insanity plea and executed -Martyr for
North/Paranoia for South
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 3.
Election of 1860
The election of 1860 and the issue of slavery
split the Democratic Party. Northern Democrats
nominated Stephen Douglas and Southern Democrats
nominated John Breckinridge. The newly formed
Republican Party opposed the extension of slavery
into the territories however, they acknowledged
that slavery should be protected where it already
existed. A forth candidate, John Bell,
represented the Constitutional Union Party which
was a combination of former Whigs who wanted to
avoid secessionism over slavery and the former
Know Nothing party. The name represented the
simply idea that they would follow the
Constitution and enforce the laws accordingly.
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DOUGLAS
LINCOLN
Accepted slavery where it existedopposed further
extension into territories
Support popular sovereignty
Election of 1860 Constitutional Union
Bell Democratic Party (north)
Douglas (south) Breckinridge Republican
Lincoln
BRECKINRIDGE
BELL
Support extension of slavery into territories
annexation of Cuba
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war 2.
South carolina secedes
When Lincoln won the election of 1860, South
Carolina followed through on a promise to secede.
They were followed by Georgia, Florida,
Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. The
Southern States formed the Confederate States of
America, also known as the Confederacy. They
elected their own President (Jefferson Davis) and
Vice President (Alexander Stephens) who were to
serve a six year term. The Confederate States
would be joined by Arkansas, Tennessee, North
Carolina, and Virginia after the fighting
actually started. Four states that held slaves
did not secede and stayed part of the United
States. They were Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland,
and Delaware.
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-SOUTH CAROLINA SECEDES -FOLLOWED BY GA, FL, MS,
AL, LA, TX -PRESIDENT JEFFERSON DAVIS VP
ALEXANDER STEPHENS
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Top 10 events leading to the civil war
1. Firing on fort sumter
The war actually began when Confederate troops
led by General Beauregaurd attacked the U.S.
Military fort at Fort Sumter (near Charleston,
South Carolina). Although the Union garrison
returned fire, they were significantly outgunned
and, after 34 hours, Major Robert Anderson of the
U.S. Army agreed to evacuate. There was no loss
of life on either side as a direct result of this
engagement, although a gun explosion during the
surrender ceremonies on April 14 caused one Union
death. Following the battle, there was widespread
support from both North and South for further
military action. Lincoln called for volunteers to
suppress the rebellion and the Civil War had
begun.
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-CONFEDERATE TROOPS LED BY GEN. BEAUREGAURD
ATTACK FORT SUMTER -NO ONE KILLED DURING THE
FIGHTING -FIRST SHOT FIRED BY RUFFIN -UNION
TROOPS SURRENDER
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HOW DID THE IDEA OF MANIFEST DESTINY LEAD TO THE
CIVIL WAR?
THINK ABOUT TERRITORIES ADDED AND THE SLAVERY
QUESTION. MISSOURI COMPROMISE MEXICAN-AMERICAN
WAR COMPROMISE OF 1850 KANSAS-NEBRASKA ACT DRED
SCOTT DECISION