Unification of Japan

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Unification of Japan

• Late 1400s- Collapse of Ashikaga Shogunate
• Period of the Warring States
• Unification occurred under three powerful
  figures Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa

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Unification of Japan

• Oda Nobunaga
• Seized Kyoto and placed reigning shogun under his
  rule
• Battle of Nagashino - use of gunpowder weapons
• Nobunaga murdered by one of his generals

Oda Nobunaga
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Unification of Japan

• Toyotomi Hideyoshi - succeeded Nobunaga
• Extended lands to include Kyushu and Shikoku
• Two attempts to invade Korea

Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Unification of Japan

• Both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi used gunpowder
  weapons to gain power
• Both unable to totally subjugate daimyo
• Both had to create alliances with daimyo to gain
  power and hold / administer territory

A gathering of Daimyo
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Unification of Japan

• Tokugawa Ieyasu took control after death of
  Hideyoshi in 1598
• Tokugawa powerful daimyo of Edo
• Claimed title of Shogun in 1603
• Tokugawa Shogunate most powerful and
  longest-lasting (1868)

Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Shogun viewing heads of enemies
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Interaction with the West

• First contact by Portuguese in 1543
• Arrival of Jesuit missionaries 1549- Francis
  Xavier
• Focus on top down conversions

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Interaction with the West

• Foreigners welcomed at first
• Novelty items- clocks, eyeglasses, and tobacco
• Jesuit missionaries converted many local daimyo
  to Christianity. By 1600, much of Kyushu and
  Shikoku were Christian.
• Christianity used to offset power of Buddhists

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Interaction with the West

• Daimyo interested in gunpowder weapons
• Gunpowder influenced architecture- as daimyo
  built stone castles
• Eventual banishment of gunpowder weapons and
  return to the cult of the sword

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Interaction with the West

• Missionaries destroyed Japanese shrines and
  temples
• Christians persecuted by Hideyoshi- banned by
  Tokugawa
• Japanese Christian revolts ruthlessly suppressed
• Dutch only Western nation allowed to trade with
  Japan- limited basis at Nagasaki

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Tokugawa Shogunate

• Tokugawa shogun ruled over Japanese semi-feudal
  system
• Shogun set policy for the emperor
• State separated into 250 provinces called Hans.
  Each Han ruled by a daimyo.

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Tokugawa Shogunate

• Two levels of Daimyo
• Fudai (inside) lesser nobility directly
  subordinate to the shogun
• Tozama (outside) greater and more independent
  nobilty, usually residing at greater distance
  from shogun

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Tokugawa Japan

• Shogun controlled nobility through hostage system
• Peace under shogun lessened need for warrior
  class
• Many samurai became managers of daimyo estates

Samurai
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Commerce

• Peace under shogunate allowed expansion of
  commercial sector
• Business beneath them, but many daimyo forced to
  promote sale of goods to bring in revenue

Japanese market
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Commerce

• Banks formed
• Use of paper money
• Establishment of guilds to regulate the markets

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Samurai

• Did not benefit from peace
• Barred from commerce by tradition
• Relied on rice lands for income
• Many debt-ridden

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Samurai

• Many samurai released from service- became
  masterless or ronin
• Ronin became problem due to plots and revolts

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Agriculture

• Farmers did not benefit from peace
• High taxes forced many from their lands
• Tenant farming
• Wage laborers
• Revolts- 7,000 revolts in Tokugawa period

Rice farming
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Tokugawa Japan

• Japan chose isolation
• Neo-Confucianism replaced by the School of
  National Learning- philosophy based on native
  Japanese culture

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Tokugawa Japan

• Unlike scholar-gentry, Japanese did not ignore
  outside world
• Kept informed of outside events through Dutch
  trade at Nagasaki

Japanese scribe