Measurement

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Topic 1
Measurement Observation and Inference
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1. Metric System Based on the power of
Ten. a. Prefixes i. Kilo- 1000 ii.
Centi- 1/100, .01 iii. Milli- 1/1000, .001 2.
Base Units a. Length- Meter (m) b. Volume-
Liter (l) c. Mass- Gram (g) Ex. 1.0 m 100cm
1.0 mL .001L 1kg 1000g
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3. Volume The amount of space an object takes
up. (cm3 or mL) a. Volume of liquids i.
measured in a graduated cylinder ii. unit
(label) milliliter (ml) b. Volume of Regular
Shaped Solids (i.e. rectangles/squares)
V Length X Width X Height
V
cm X cm X cm
Unit (label) cm3 or cubic centimeters
(Note 1cm3 1 ml)
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c. Volume of Irregular Solids 1) Water
displacement in a graduated cylinder.
V 25 ml 10 ml 15 ml Therefore 15 ml OR 15
cm3 is the volume of the rock. Unit (label) ml
or cm3.
25 ml
10 ml
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• Mass The amount of matter an object contains.
• (How much stuff is inside an object.)
• a. Mass is measured with a Triple Beam Balance.

Unit (label) grams
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WHAT IS THE MASS ???????????
Mass 79.4 grams
10s
100s
1s
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Electronic Balance How do we use this???
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Definition Instrument Unit
Length Distance b/w 2 points Ruler Cm or m
Volume Amount of space an object takes up, size Grad. Cyl. Or L x w x h Ml or cm3
Mass Amount of matter in an object ( of molecules) Scale g
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5. Observation a description using one or more
of your senses. Ex The sky is
blue. The spoiled milk tastes sour. The
sandpaper feels rough. 6. Instrument A
man-made device that helps the senses

observe better. Ex hearing aid thermometer
ruler triple beam balance
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7. Measurement an observation with a numerical
value. Ex a) It is hot outside. an
observation b) It is 80o F outside. a
measured observation A. Measurements are made by
comparing an object to a known standard. ex
measuring instruments are known
standards. (rulers, balances, thermometers)
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8. Classification The process by which objects
are put into groups based on similar or common
properties. Why do we classify? It makes it
easier to study. Organizes data. Ex Clouds
classified by shape and by altitude Rocks
classified by origin and by texture.
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9. Inference A thought process that provides a
possible explanation for observations.
(Educated Guess!) Ex observation I see a
round, smooth rock. Inference I
think the rock was once in a river. Predictions
are inferences. Ex weather forecasts. 10.
Percent Deviation (Error) The amount of error
in a measurement as compared to the
accepted value (actual answer).
Difference between measured and accepted value
Error
X 100
Accepted Value
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Difference between measured and accepted value
Error
X 100
Accepted Value
Ex student measurement 127.5 g accepted
value 125.0 g
127.5 g 125.0 g
error
X 100
125.0 g
2.0
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11. Density The amount of mass (matter) in a
certain amount of volume (space). OR How
close together the particles (atoms) are in a
substance.
same volume
Less Dense
More Dense
The closer the particles, the greater the density.
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Mass
12. Density
(grams per cm3)
Volume
First find the volume V L x W x H V 2cm x
3cm x 7cm V 42 cm3
2 cm
7 cm
3 cm
Mass of the block 168 g Find the density of
the block
D m / v
168 g
D
4 g/cm3
42 cm3
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Ex
60 ml
42 ml
Mass of the stone 54 g Find the density of
the stone D m / v Volume of stone 60 ml
42 ml 18 ml OR 18 cm3
D 54 g / 18 cm3
D 3 g / cm3
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13. The volume or shape of an object DOES NOT
AFFECT ITS DENSITY!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ex Pebble of Rock A
Block of Rock A
5 cm
12 cm
10cm
M 12 g V 2 cm3 D m / v 12g / 2 cm3 D 6
g/cm3
M 3600 g V 10cm x 12cm x 5cm 600cm3 D m /
v 3600g / 600 cm3 D 6 g/cm3
The volume or shape of an object does not affect
its density!!!!!!!!!
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Ex An object has a density of 3 g/cm3 The
object is cut into 10 pieces. What is the
density of each piece??? Answer 3
g/cm3 Density problems A. An object has a mass
of 48.0 grams and a volume of 60 cm3. What is the
density of the object?
0.8 g/cm3
D m / v
48g / 60cm3
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B. The density of an object is found to be 4.2
g/cm3. What is the volume of this object if its
mass is 126.4 g?
126.4 g
D m / v
4.2 g/cm3
X
4.2 g/cm3 x X 126.4 g
126.4 g
X
4.2 g /cm3
X 30.1 cm3
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C. An object has a density of 2.6 g/cm3 and a
mass of 72.6 g. Another piece of the same object
has a mass of 145.2 g. What is the density of
this object??? D 2.6 g/cm3
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• What can change the density of an object?
• Three states of matter
• Solid, Liquid,Gas Most substances have their
  greatest density as a solid and their least
  density as a gas.
• When an objects temperature increases, its
  density decreases.
• REASON Heat causes the particles to speed up
  and spread apart

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15. The Density of Water
0oC
100oC
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Water has its greatest density at 4oC Solid
water (ice) is less dense than liquid water. Less
dense materials float in more dense materials.
A is less dense than B.
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16. Graphs A. Graphs show the relationship
between 2 variables. B. Types of Graphs 1) Line
Graphs
As x increases y increases
As x increases y decreases
As x increases y stays the same
a) The steeper the line, the greater the rate
(speed) of change shown by the graph.
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2) Pie graphs.
The larger the section, the greater the
value. Which section is Largest Smallest
D
B
3) Bar Graph
The higher the bar the greater the value.
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17. Given enough time, everything changes. A.
Some changes are fast and therefore are easier to
observe or measure. Ex earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions B. Some changes are slow and therefore
are harder to observe or measure. Ex erosion of
a mountain, continental drift, growth of a
tree 18. Cyclic changes Changes that repeat at
regular intervals. Cyclic changes can be
predicted Ex Seasons day and night
phases of the moon sunrise and sunset
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CYCLIC CHANGE
TIME
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20. Non Cyclic (Random) Changes Changes that
occur at irregular intervals and therefore are
difficult to predict. Ex earthquakes, volcanic
eruptions, landslides, avalanches
NON-CYCLIC CHANGE
No Patterns!!!
TIME
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Energy
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ENERGY
1. Energy is the ability to do work. 2. All
earth processes are the result of a transfer of
energy. 3. Electromagnetic Energy A.
Electromagnetic energy is energy in the form of
waves.
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B. The Structure of Waves
1) Wavelength the distance between any 2
consecutive waves.
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4. Types of Electromagnetic Energy A. Gamma
Rays B. X-Rays C. Ultraviolet
D. Visible Light E. Infrared F. Microwaves G.
Radio waves
The types of electromagnetic energy are
different from each other by their wavelength.
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5. The Electromagnetic Spectrum A. A chart that
places the types of electromagnetic energy in
their order of wavelength. (Reference Tables
page 14).
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Which form of electromagnetic energy has the
longest wavelength?
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Which form of electromagnetic energy has the
longest wavelength?
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Which form of electromagnetic energy has the
longest wavelength? Radio waves
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Which is shorter, UV or Microwaves?
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Which is shorter, UV or Microwaves? Ultraviolet
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B. The shorter the wavelength, the more
dangerous the type of electromagnetic energy is
to living things. 6. Speed of Electromagnetic
Energy A. ALL TYPES of electromagnetic energy
travel at the speed of light. 186,000
miles/sec 300,000 kilometers/sec
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7. Temperature and Electromagnetic Energy A.
The HOTTER the material, the more electromagnetic
energy it gives off. Ex What gives off more
electromagnetic energy, an object at 100oF or an
object at 500oF? Answer 500oF
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8. Methods of Energy Transfer A. Conduction 1)
In conduction, energy is transferred by the
direct touching of particles. 2) Conduction is
common in metals.
Atoms touch atoms to move the heat
Ex frying pan on a stove.
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B. Convection 1) In convection, energy is
transferred by the actual movement of a substance
carrying the heat. 2) Convection occurs most
easily in fluids. a) Warm fluids gtgtgt less
dense b) Cold fluids gtgtgt more dense Reason Heat
causes atoms to speed up and spread out, making
them less dense. Ex Warm air (or water) rises,
cold air (or water) sinks.
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Ceiling
Floor
What happens to the air above the flame (heat)?
Heat causes the air to rise (less dense) carrying
the heat with it. Ex winds
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C. Radiation 1) In radiation, energy is
transferred by electromagnetic waves. 2) No
touching of particles needed. No carrier (air or
water) needed. 3) Radiation can occur directly
across empty space. Ex The Suns energy
reaching earth.
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9. Direction of Energy Flow A. RULE Energy
always moves away from the warmer area (source)
and toward the cooler area (sink). Ex
70o inside
40o outside
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10. Temperature A. Temperature is the average
speed of the particles of a substance. 1) The
faster the particles, the higher the
temperature. B. Temperature is measured
with a thermometer In degrees.
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11. Temperature Scales A. Fahrenheit U.S.
Scale B. Celsius Metric Scale C. Kelvin (RT
page 13) Ex -16oF ___________oC 14oC
___________oF 40oC ___________oK
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12. Heat A. Heat is the total speed of the
particles of a substance. B. Heat is measured
in Joules(calories). 13. Specific Heat A.
Specific heat is the amount of heat or joules
needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a
substance by 1oC. B. The higher the specific heat
the more heat it takes to warm it up.
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Specific heat continued. 1) A high specific heat
harder to heat up. 2) A low specific heat
easier to heat up. 3) Reference Tables front page
(top right).
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Examples 1) Which form of water will the
temperature rise the quickest when heat is added
to it? ______________ Reason They both have a
lower specific heat. 2) Which material takes the
least heat to raise its temp?________ Reason
lowest specific heat
solid gas
Lead
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• 14. Change of State (Change of phase)
• A. Latent Heat The heat involved in a change of
  state.
• SOLID LIQUID GAS
• 15. Examples of Phase Changes
• A. Melting SOLID to a LIQUID
• Latent heat is gained to melt a substance.
• B. Freezing LIQUID to a SOLID
• 1) Latent heat is released to freeze a substance.

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• C. Evaporation LIQUID to a GAS
• Latent heat is gained to evaporate a substance.
• D. Condensation GAS to a LIQUID
• Latent heat is released to condense a substance.
• E. Properties of Water (RT front cover)

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16.
ADD HEAT (Gain)
Melting (80 cal/g)
Evaporation (540 cal/g)
S
L
G
Condensation (540 cal/g)
Freezing (80 cal/g)
TAKE AWAY HEAT (Release)
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17. During a change of state the temperature
of a substance STAYS THE SAME.
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D
E
C
B
A
A _______ D___________ B-C_________________ B__
_____ E___________C-B__________________ C______
_ D-E_______________________
E-D_______________________
100 (liquid)
-50 (ice)
No change in temp. (melting)
0 (ice)
100 (gas/steam)
No change in temp. (freezing)
0 (liquid)
No change in temp. (evaporation)
No change in temp. (condensation)
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18. Earths Energy Sources A. Primary source the
Sun. 1) The suns energy drives all surface
processes on Earth. Ex the weather B. Secondary
Source Radioactive Decay 1) When radioactive
elements inside the earth break down, heat is
released. 2) This energy drives all interior
processes Ex earthquakes, volcanoes, plate
tectonics