Grant

1
Grants Success

• Transferred to the East Tennessee theater after
  Vicksburg
• Confederates had driven the Union from
  Chickamauga Creek to Chattanooga where they were
  under siege
• Grants victories at Lookout Mountain and
  Missionary Ridge liberate Chattanooga, and Grant
  is rewarded

2
UNION CHANGE IN LEADERSHIP

• After Union victories at Vicksburg and
  Gettysburg, and Grants success at Chattanooga
  President Lincoln appointed General Grant as the
  Commanding General of all Union troops.
• Grant commanded the Army of the Potomac in the
  East and was instructed by Lincoln to force
  General Lee to surrender.

• Grant appointed his 2nd in command General
  William T. Sherman to head up the Army of the
  West.
• It is here that Lincoln, Grant and Sherman devise
  a new strategy of total war or bring the
  civilian population into the war, destroy the
  South and free the slaves.

3
Theater/Battles 1864
4
Grant vs Lee

VS

• Graduate from West Point, 1829
• Served in the Mexican War
• Arrested John Brown
• Lincoln asked Lee to head up the Union Army
• Refused because of loyalty to Virginia.
• Defeated Union in battles from 1861 to 1863 in
  the Eastern theater
• Excellent in military strategy

• Graduate from West Point, 1843
• Served in the Mexican War
• Shoe salesman before the War
• Successful in Western Theater
• Appointed by Lincoln in 1864 to command all Union
  forces
• The Butcher
• Unconditional Surrender Grant
• Supported total war concept

5
Opposition to Lincoln

• War Democrats supported Lincoln, but the Peace
  Democrats and Copperheads did not
• Copperheads had most of their support in southern
  Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois
• Clement L. Vallandigham stirred up trouble,
  criticizing the wicked and cruel war.
• Convicted in a military tribunal even though
  civilian courts in Ohio were open
• Flees to Canada after being banished to a
  military prison

6
Election of 1864

• Republicans join with War Democrats to form the
  Union party
• Andrew Johnson of Tennessee selected to be
  Lincolns vice-presidential running mate
• Democrats nominate George McClellan
• As Election Day neared, a series of Union
  victories at Mobile, Atlanta, and in the
  Shenandoah Valley ensure Lincolns victory
• Bolstered by the bayonet vote Lincoln wins
  212-21 in the Electoral College

7
William T. Sherman
TOTAL WAR

• Tactic of war where the Union marched through the
  South and destroyed all resources the civilian
  population needed to survive.
• Goal To make war as horrible and destructive as
  possible to force your enemy to surrender.
• Total war brings the civilian population into the
  war to demoralize the enemy and force them to
  surrender.
• It is in your face warfare or you (South)
  started this war and until you surrender, we will
  destroy you.

8
William T. Sherman
WAR HERO OR WAR CRIMINAL

• Grants right hand general.
• Fought with Grant in the West.
• Most noted for this saying
• War is hell and the worse you make it the sooner
  it will be over.
• Put in charge of the Army of the West after
  Lincoln appoints Grant as head of all Union
  troops.
• Responsible for the March to the Sea and using
  total war in destroying the South.

William T. Sherman
9
ShermansMarchthroughGeorgiato theSea, 1864
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Total War 1
TOTAL WAR
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Total War 3
TOTAL WAR
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Total War 2
TOTAL WAR
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Picture Richmond
TOTAL WAR
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Picture Richmond
TOTAL WAR
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Picture Richmond
TOTAL WAR
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Theater/Battles 1864
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Grants new strategy

• Wilderness Campaign- Grant pushes toward Richmond
  with 100,000 men (loses about half of these)
• Called Grant the Butcher by critics
• However, Lee was losing one out of every five
  soldiers, while Grant lost 1 of 10
• By taking the defensive position, Lee turned the
  war in the east into a war of attrition
• Grant knew he could trade two of his men for one
  of Lees and still win

18
THE FINAL SURRENDER
5 PM, April 7, 1865.. To General R. E. Lee,
Commanding CSA The results of the last week must
convince you of the hopelessness of further
resistance on the part of the Army of Northern
Virginia in this struggle. I feel that it is so,
and regard it as my duty to shift from myself the
responsibility of any further effusion (spilling)
of blood by asking of you the surrender of that
portion of the Confederate States army known as
the Army of Northern Virginia Very
respectfully, your obedient servant, U.S. Grant
Letter Grant to Lee
19
THE FINAL SURRENDER
April 7, 1865 To General U.S. Grant General I
have received your note of this date. Though not
entertaining the opinion you express of the
hopelessness of further resistance on the part of
the Army of Northern Virginia, I reciprocate your
desire to avoid useless effusion of blood, and
therefore, before considering your proposition,
ask the terms you will offer on condition of its
surrender. Commanding General of CSA, R. E. Lee
Letter Grant to Lee
20
THE FINAL SURRENDER
April 8, 1865. To General R. E. Lee, Commanding
CSA Your note of last evening just received. In
reply would say that there is but one condition I
would insist upon---namely, that the men and
officers surrendered shall be disqualified for
taking up arms against the Government of the
United States..I will meet you at any point
agreeable to you, for the purpose of arranging
definitely the terms upon which the surrender of
the Army of Northern Virginia will be
received. General U.S. Grant, Commanding Officer,
USA
Letter Grant to Lee
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Picture South surrendering
THE FINAL SURRENDER
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Document Lincolns death

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• On July 7, 1865 a large crowd gathered in the
  courtyard of the Washington Arsenal.
• An unexpectedly large number of people wanted to
  witness the multiple hanging, so many that it
  became necessary to issue tickets.
• Mary Surratt, Paine, Herold, and Atzerodt were
  all found guilty in a military trial and
  sentenced to be hanged.

28
John Picture background info
PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON

• Remained loyal to the Union during the Civil War.
• Lincoln chose him as his VP to help with the
  Souths Reconstruction.
• Was a democrat, southern and unpopular with
  Congress
• Was the wrong man at the wrong time to be
  president.

29
Chart Total Deaths
CIVIL WAR DEATHS
Iraq 2,900 Persian 300
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TOTAL U.S. DEATHS IN ALL WARS
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Horrors of War 2
HORRORS OF WAR
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Horrors of War 1
HORRORS OF WAR
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Horrors of War 3
HORRORS OF WAR
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Horrors of War 3
HORRORS OF WAR
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13th Slavery Abolished
13th AMENDMENT

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime, whereof the
party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist
within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction. The Congress shall have
power to enforce by appropriate legislation, the
provisions of this article.
14th
37
Impact on Future Conflicts

• Expanding battlefield due to new technology.
• Defense is favored.
• fortification.
• Beginnings of trend toward dispersal and
  increased individual combat.
• Shift to Total War
• Whole government had to be removed for success.
• Civil and military targets.
• Shermans March to the Sea.
• Emancipation Proclamation.