Title: Virtual LAN
1Virtual LAN
2Using Hubs
- Layer 1 devices
- Inexpensive
- In one port, out the others
- One collision domain
- One broadcast domain
3- This is fine for small workgroups, but does not
scale well for larger workgroups or heavy traffic.
4- What if the computers were on two different
subnets? Could they communicate within their own
subnet? Yes Between subnets? No, need a router.
5- Same issues as before, with more of an impact on
the network.
6Using Switches
- Layer 2 devices
- Moderate expense for common access switches, but
can be very expensive. - Layer 2 filtering based on Destination MAC
addresses and Source Address Table - One collision domain per port
- One broadcast domain
7Two parallel paths (complete SAT tables) Data
traffic from 172.30.1.24 to 172.30.1.25 and from
172.30.1.26 to 172.30.1.27
8As opposed to the Hub Data traffic from
172.30.1.21 to 172.30.1.22 and from 172.30.1.23
to 172.30.1.24
Collision!
9Collisions and Switches What happens when two
devices on a switch, send data to another device
on the switch. 172.30.1.24 to 172.30.1.25 and
172.30.1.26 to 172.30.1.25
10The switch keeps the frames in buffer memory, and
queues the traffic for the host 172.30.1.25.
This means that the sending hosts do not know
about the collisions and do not have to re-send
the frames.
Frames in buffer
11Other Switching Features
- Review
- Asymmetric ports 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps
- Full-duplex ports
- Cut-through versus Store-and-Forward switching
12Ports between switches and server ports are good
candidates for higher bandwidth ports (100 Mbps)
and full-duplex ports.
13Introducing Multiple Subnets/Networks without
Routers
- Switches are Layer 2 devices
- Router are Layer 3 devices
- Data between subnets/networks must pass through a
router.
14A Switched Network with two subnets What are the
issues? Can data travel within the subnet? Yes
Can data travel between subnets? No, need a
router! What is the impact of a layer 2
broadcast, like an ARP Request?
ARP Request
15All devices see the ARP Request. One broadcast
domain means the switches flood all broadcast out
all ports, except the incoming port. Switches
have no idea of the layer 3 information contained
in the ARP Request. This consumes bandwidth on
the network and processing cycles on the hosts.
16One Solution Physically separate the subnets.
But still no data can travel between the subnets.
How can we get the data to travel between the
two subnets?
17Introducing Multiple Subnets/Networks with Routers
- Switches are Layer 2 devices
- Router are Layer 3 devices
- Data between subnets/networks must pass through a
router.
18Routed Network Two separate broadcast domains,
because the router will not forward the layer 2
broadcasts such as ARP Requests.
19Switches with multiple subnets
- So far this should have been a review.
- Lets see what happens when we have two subnets on
a single switch and we want to route between the
two subnets.
20Router-on-a-stick When a single interface is
used to route between subnets or networks, this
is know as a router-on-a-stick. To assign
multiple ip addresses to the same interface,
secondary addresses or subinterfaces are used.
interface e 0 ip address 172.30.1.1
255.255.255.0 ip address 172.30.2.1 255.255.255.0
secondary
21- Router-on-a-stick
- Advantages
- Useful when there are limited Ethernet interfaces
on the router. - Disadvantage
- Because a single link is used to connect multiple
subnets, one link is having to carry the traffic
for multiple subnets. - Be sure this is link can handle the traffic. You
may wish to use a high-speed link (100 Mbps) and
full-duplex.
22- Gotchas
- 1. Remember to have the proper default gateway
set for each host. - 172.30.1.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.1.1
- 172.30.2.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.2.1
- 2. The router must still route between subnets,
so you must include - Router (config) router rip
- Router (config-router) network
172.30.0.0
23Multiple interfaces Two Ethernet router ports
may be used instead of one. However this may be
difficult if you do not have enough Ethernet
ports on your router.
E0
E1
24One switch two subnets Good News Data can
travel between subnets and we have two separate
broadcast domains. Bad News Hosts are on
different subnets but on a single layer 2
broadcast domain.
ARP Request
25An ARP Request from 172.30.1.21 for 172.30.1.23
will still be seen by all hosts on the switch.
The switch is a layer 2 device and will flood
broadcast traffic out all ports, except the
incoming port.
26Introducing VLANs
- VLANs create separate broadcast domains
- Routers are needed to pass information between
different VLANs - VLANs are not necessary to have separate subnets
on a switched network, but as we will see they
give us more advantages when it comes to things
like data link (layer 2) broadcasts.
27VLAN Definition
- A logical subgroup within a local area network
that is created via software rather than manually
moving cables in the wiring closet. It combines
user stations and network devices into a single
unit regardless of the physical LAN segment they
are attached to and allows traffic to flow more
efficiently within populations of mutual
interest. - VLANs are implemented in port switching hubs and
LAN switches and generally offer proprietary
solutions. VLANs reduce the time it takes to
implement moves, adds and changes. - VLANs function at layer 2. Since their purpose
is to isolate traffic within the VLAN, in order
to bridge from one VLAN to another, a router is
required. The router works at the higher layer 3
network protocol, which requires that network
layer segments are identified and coordinated
with the VLANs. This is a complicated job, and
VLANs tend to break down as networks expand and
more routers are encountered.
28Layer 2 broadcast control An ARP Request from
172.30.1.21 for 172.30.1.23 will only be seen by
hosts on that VLAN. The switch will flood
broadcast traffic out only those ports belonging
to that particular VLAN, in this case VLAN 1.
ARP Request
Switch Port VLAN ID
29Port-centric VLAN Switches Remember, as the
Network Administrator, it is your job to assign
switch ports to the proper VLAN. This assignment
is only done at the switch and not at the host.
Note The following diagrams show the VLAN below
the host, but it is actually assigned within the
switch.
30 Catalyst 1900 - VLAN Membership Configuration
Port VLAN Membership Type
----------------------------- 1 1
Static 2 2 Static 3 1
Static 4 2 Static 5
2 Static 6 1 Static 7
1 Static 8 1 Static
9 1 Static 10 1
Static 11 1 Static 12 2
Static AUI 1 Static A
1 Static B 1 Static
M Membership type V VLAN
assignment R Reconfirm dynamic membership
X Exit to previous menu Enter Selection
31Layer 2 broadcast control Without VLANs, the ARP
Request would be seen by all hosts. Again,
consuming unnecessary network bandwidth and host
processing cycles.
ARP Request
32With VLANs Data will only travel within the
VLAN. Remember that switches are Layer 2 devices
and they can only pass traffic within the VLAN.
ARP Request
Switch Port VLAN ID
33Switch Port VLAN ID
34With VLANs A switch cannot route data between
different VLANs. Example Data from 172.30.1.21
to 172.30.2.12
X
Switch Port VLAN ID
35- Gotchas
- 1. Remember that VLAN IDs (numbers) are assigned
to the switch port and not to the host.
(Port-centric VLAN switches) - 2. Be sure to have all of the hosts on the same
subnet belong to the same VLAN, or you will have
problems. - Hosts on subnet 172.30.1.0/24 - VLAN 1
- Hosts on subnet 172.30.2.0/24 - VLAN 2
- etc.
36Routing and VLANs
- In the previous example data could travel within
the VLAN, but not between VLANs. - Just like subnets, a router is needed to route
information between different VLANs. - The advantage is the switch propagates broadcast
traffic only within the VLAN.
37Data between VLANs is routed through the router.
Data from 172.30.1.21 to 172.30.2.12
38- Gotchas
- 1. Remember to have the proper default gateway
set for each host. - 172.30.1.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.1.1
- 172.30.2.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.2.1
- 2. The router must still route between subnets,
so you must include - Router (config) router rip
- Router (config-router) network
172.30.0.0 - 3. The switch ports to the router must have the
corresponding VLAN ID to that subnet. - Switch port to 172.30.1.1 must be on
VLAN 1 - Switch port to 172.30.2.1 must be on
VLAN 2
39Switch Port VLAN ID
(VLAN ID not set at router.)
40So, whats the difference?
- One of the main differences between subnets with
VLANs and subnets without VLANs on switched
networks, is that VLANs offer layer 2 broadcast
control.
41Here is an ARP Request example without VLANs.
ARP Request
42Here is an ARP Request example with VLANs.
Notice that the broadcast is isolated only to the
VLAN that it came from, in this case VLAN 1.
ARP Request
43- Can I use the Router-on-a-stick method with
multiple VLANs? - Can you remind me what Router-on-a-stick is?
44What is Router-on-a-stick? When a single
interface is used to route between subnets or
networks, this is know as a router-on-a-stick.
To assign multiple ip addresses to the same
interface, secondary addresses or subinterfaces
are used.
interface e 0 ip address 172.30.1.1
255.255.255.0 ip address 172.30.2.1 255.255.255.0
secondary
45With Router-on-a-stick, ISL or 802.1Q trunking is
needed. We will talk about tagging and trunking
in the next section.
46VLAN introduction
.
- VLANs provide segmentation based on broadcast
domains. - VLANs logically segment switched networks based
on the functions, project teams, or applications
of the organization regardless of the physical
location or connections to the network. - All workstations and servers used by a particular
workgroup share the same VLAN, regardless of the
physical connection or location.
47VLAN introduction
.
- VLANs are created to provide segmentation
services traditionally provided by physical
routers in LAN configurations. - VLANs address scalability, security, and network
management. Routers in VLAN topologies provide
broadcast filtering, security, and traffic flow
management. - Switches may not bridge any traffic between
VLANs, as this would violate the integrity of the
VLAN broadcast domain. - Traffic should only be routed between VLANs.
48Broadcast domains with VLANs and routers
.
- A VLAN is a broadcast domain created by one or
more switches. - The network design above creates three separate
broadcast domains.
49Broadcast domains with VLANs and routers
2) With or without VLANs
10.0.0.0/8
10.1.0.0/16
1) Without VLANs
10.2.0.0/16
10.3.0.0/16
- 1) No VLANs, or in other words, One VLAN. Single
IP network. - 2) With or without VLANs. However this can be
and example of no VLANS. In both examples, each
group (switch) is on a different IP network. - 3) Using VLANs. Switch is configured with the
ports on the appropriate VLAN. - What are the broadcast domains in each?
One link per VLAN or a single VLAN Trunk (later)
10.1.0.0/16
1) With VLANs
10.2.0.0/16
10.3.0.0/16
50Tagging and Trunking
51- Non-tagging Switches
- Lets first see how multiple VLANs are
interconnected using switches that do not have
the tagging capability.
52Non-tagging Switches
For each VLAN, there must be a link between the
two switches. One link per VLAN. Be sure the
switch ports on the switches are configured for
the proper VLAN.
100BaseT Ports
Port 1 VLAN 1 Port 2 VLAN 2
Moe
1 2
VLAN 1 Port 1 on switch Moe is connected to
Port 1 on Switch Larry. VLAN 2 Port 2 on switch
Moe is connected to Port 2 on Switch Larry.
1 2
Larry
Port 1 VLAN 1 Port 2 VLAN 2
100BaseT Ports
53- Advantages
- Each VLAN gets its own dedicated link with its
own bandwidth. - Disadvantages
- This requires a separate link for each VLAN.
There may not be enough ports on the switch to
accommodate a lot of different VLANs.
54- Introducing Tagging and Trunking
55- Some quick terminology
- Channel - multiple links that carry a single VLAN
(I.e. Fast-Etherchannel) - Trunk - one link that carries multiple VLANs
- Tagging - used to Identify which VLAN a frame
belongs to
56- Reminder Switches and Routers
- It is important to remember that hosts on
different switches, can communicate with hosts
which belong to their same subnet, without VLANs. - It is also important to remember that if hosts on
different subnets wish to communicate, then that
traffic must be routed via a router.
57- VLANs and Switches
- However, if you put those hosts that are on
different subnets, into different VLANs, then the
switches will need to communicate the VLAN IDs. - Again, this can be done without VLANs, but as we
saw one of the benefits to VLANs is layer 2
broadcast control.
58- Trunking (or tagging) is needed between switches,
or a switch and a router, to pass traffic for
multiple VLANs, if a single link is used. - Your switches must have ports that can do this
trunking or tagging.
59- Advantages
- A single port on a switch or router can be used
to send and receive traffic for multiple VLANs. - Disadvantages
- This can put a lot of traffic on a single link,
so be sure the link has enough bandwidth to
handle it. - This also requires the switch and/or router ports
that are used for tagging to be capable of doing
the tagging/trunking.
60(No Transcript)
61Tagging needed between the switches. Note, that
there is no router here, so there is no
communications between the VLANs. Here is an
example of 172.30.1.20 sending information to
172.30.1.25
62- VLAN Network - Inter-switch VLANs
- Two separate Broadcast Domains (VLAN 1 and VLAN
2) - Communications over the trunk links (i.e. between
switches) uses Tagging - 802.1q
- ISL (Inter-Switch Link) - Cisco
- 802.10 - FDDI
- ATM LANE
- Tagging needed between the switches
- No communications between the VLANs, because
there is not a router - NOTE VLAN ID is on the switches not on the
hosts.
63 Catalyst 1900 - VLAN Membership Configuration
Port VLAN Membership Type
----------------------------- 1 1
Static 2 2 Static 3 1
Static 4 2 Static 5
2 Static 6 1 Static 7
1 Static 8 1 Static
9 1 Static 10 1
Static 11 1 Static 12 2
Static AUI 1 Static A
1 Static B 1 Static
M Membership type V VLAN
assignment R Reconfirm dynamic membership
X Exit to previous menu Enter Selection
NOTE This is just an example of a switch
configuration menu and does not show represent
the configuration of the previous example.
64The router is now connected, so we can see how to
communicate between the VLANs. Because we are
using Router-on-a-stick, the router will also
need to be configured to include the ISL or
802.1Q tagging.
65- Same Gotchas
- 1. Remember to have the proper default gateway
set for each host. - 172.30.1.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.1.1
- 172.30.2.0 hosts - default gateway is 172.30.2.1
- 2. The router must still route between subnets,
so you must include - Router (config) router rip
- Router (config-router) network
172.30.0.0 - 3. The switch ports to the router must have the
corresponding VLAN ID to that subnet. - Switch port to 172.30.1.1 must be on
VLAN 1 - Switch port to 172.30.2.1 must be on
VLAN 2
66- New Gotchas
- 4. Ports interconnecting switches must be
capable of doing VLAN trunking, with either ISL
or 802.1Q. - 5. If you are using Router-on-a-stick, then the
switch port and the router interface must be
capable and configured to do trunking/tagging
with either ISL or 802.1Q. - 6. Remember, all traffic between different VLANs
must be routed via the router. - Question
- What if the router is not capable of doing the
tagging or trunking? How can we use the router
to switch between VLANs?
67- Thats right! You use two interfaces on the
router instead of one. One for each VLAN. On
the switch you will not need to use trunk ports
for the router. No ISL or 802.1Q tagging is
needed.
68- Would you like to see how the router is
configured, with and without trunking?
69- Well, we will do it anyways. -)
- Instead of using secondary addresses, we will use
something more current, know as subinterfaces. - This allows you to configure multiple interfaces
on a single physical interface. - Cisco has said that secondary addresses will
eventually not be a part of future IOS releases.
70Router-on-a-stick, the router will also need to
be configured to include the ISL or 802.1Q
tagging. Secondary or subinterfaces can be used.
71- Using multiple Ethernet interfaces. On the
switch you will not need to use trunk ports for
the router. No ISL or 802.1Q tagging is needed.
Each switch port is on a separate VLAN.
72Fast Etherchannel
73Fast Etherchannel
Allows two or four contiguous 100 Mbps ports to
operate as a single link, giving twice the
throughput. (command port-channel mode on)
100BaseT Ports
10BaseT Ports (12)
Moe
A B
Two 100BaseT Full-duplex ports 2 x (100 x 2)
400 Mbps throughput
A B
10BaseT Ports (12)
Larry
100BaseT Ports
74- Fast Etherchannel is a Cisco proprietary feature,
although other vendors have a similar solution. - Fast Etherchannel allows some Cisco switches to
use either two or four 100 Mbps ports as a
single, virtual port. - To the switch the multiple links will look like
one, single, higher-bandwidth connection,
combining the bandwidth of the two or four links
between the two switches.
75NetFlow Switching
- NetFlow Switching provides network layer
switching to campus switches at high forwarding
rates. - The first packet of the flow is routed via the
router. - When a flow is detected, NetFlow switching
establishes a cut-through path for all remaining
packets in the flow. - These can be switched by the switch and not
routed by the router.
76(No Transcript)
77VLAN operation
.
- Each switch port can be assigned to a different
VLAN. - Ports assigned to the same VLAN share broadcasts.
- Ports that do not belong to that VLAN do not
share these broadcasts.
78VLAN operation
.
- Static membership VLANs are called port-based and
port-centric membership VLANs. - As a device enters the network, it automatically
assumes the VLAN membership of the port to which
it is attached. - The default VLAN for every port in the switch is
the management VLAN. The management VLAN is
always VLAN 1 and may not be deleted. - This statement does not give the whole story. We
will examine Management, Default and other VLANs
at the end. - All other ports on the switch may be reassigned
to alternate VLANs. - More on VLAN 1 later.
79VLAN operation
.
- Important notes on VLANs
- VLANs are assigned on the switch port. There is
no VLAN assignment done on the host (usually). - In order for a host to be a part of that VLAN, it
must be assigned an IP address that belongs to
the proper subnet. - Remember VLAN Subnet
80VLAN operation
.
- Dynamic membership VLANs are created through
network management software. (Not as common as
static VLANs) - CiscoWorks 2000 or CiscoWorks for Switched
Internetworks is used to create Dynamic VLANs. - Dynamic VLANs allow for membership based on the
MAC address of the device connected to the switch
port. - As a device enters the network, it queries a
database within the switch for a VLAN membership.
81Benefits of VLANs
If a hub is connected to VLAN port on a switch,
all devices on that hub must belong to the same
VLAN.
- The key benefit of VLANs is that they permit the
network administrator to organize the LAN
logically instead of physically. - Note Can be done without VLANs, but VLANs limit
the broadcast domains - This means that an administrator is able to do
all of the following - Easily move workstations on the LAN.
- Easily add workstations to the LAN.
- Easily change the LAN configuration.
- Easily control network traffic.
- Improve security.
82Without VLANs No Broadcast Control
ARP Request
- Without VLANs, the ARP Request would be seen by
all hosts. - Again, consuming unnecessary network bandwidth
and host processing cycles.
83With VLANs Broadcast Control
Switch Port VLAN ID
ARP Request
84VLAN Types
85MAC address Based VLANs
.
86Two Types of VLANs
.
- End-to-End or Campus-wide VLANs
- Geographic or Local VLANs
87End-to-End or Campus-wide VLANs
.
88Geographic or Local VLANs
.
89End-to-End or Campus-wide VLANs
.
- End-to-End or Campus-wide VLANs
- Same VLAN/Subnet no matter what the location is
on the network - Trunking at the Core
- Usually not recommended by Cisco or other Vendors
- Adds complexity to network administration
- Does not resolve Layer 2 Spanning Tree issues
- Use to be recommended with routing at the Core
was considered to slow.
90End-to-End or Campus-wide VLANs
.
- The core layer router is being used to route
between subnets (VLANs). - The network is engineered, based on traffic flow
patterns, to have 80 percent of the traffic
contained within a VLAN. - The remaining 20 percent crosses the router to
the enterprise servers and to the Internet and
WAN. - Note This is known as the 80/20 rule. With
todays traffic patterns, this rule is becoming
obsolete.
91Geographic or Local VLANs
.
- Geographic or Local VLANs
- More common
- Routing at the core
- Different VLAN/Subnet depending upon location
92Geographic or Local VLANs
- As many corporate networks have moved to
centralize their resources, end-to-end VLANs have
become more difficult to maintain. - Users are required to use many different
resources, many of which are no longer in their
VLAN. - Because of this shift in placement and usage of
resources, VLANs are now more frequently being
created around geographic boundaries rather than
commonality boundaries.
93Geographic or Local VLANs
.
- This geographic location can be as large as an
entire building or as small as a single switch
inside a wiring closet. - In a VLAN structure, it is typical to find the
new 20/80 rule in effect. 80 percent of the
traffic is remote to the user and 20 percent of
the traffic is local to the user. - Although this topology means that the user must
cross a Layer 3 device in order to reach 80
percent of the resources, this design allows the
network to provide for a deterministic,
consistent method of accessing resources.