Cellular%20Structure%20and%20Function

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Cellular Structure and Function

• Chapter 7

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Cell

• 1665
• Robert Hooke
• Microscope
• a little room

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Cell

• The basic structural and functional unit of all
  living organisms

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Cell

• 1838
• Matthias Schleiden
• All plants are composed of cells

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Cell

• 1839
• Theodor Schwann
• Animal tissue made up of cells

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Cell

• 1855
• Rudolph Virchow
• Cells come from cells
• Through division

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Cell

• The cell theory

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Cell Theory

• 1. All living organisms are composed of one or
  more cells.

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Cell Theory

• 1. All living organisms are composed of one or
  more cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  organization of all living organisms.

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Cell Theory

• 1. All living organisms are composed of one or
  more cells.
• 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and
  organization of all living organisms.
• 3. Cells arise only from previously existing
  cells, with cells passing copies of their genetic
  material on to their daughter cells.

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microscopes

• Compound light microscopes
• Electron microscopes

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Compound

• Glass lenses
• Visible light
• 10 X 10 100
• 1000X

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electron

• Magnets to aim a beam of electrons at thin slices
• 500,000X
• Specimen must be dead, sliced thin and stained

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Cell types
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Basic Cell Types

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

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Basic Cell Types

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

• No nucleus
• No membrane bound organelles

• Nucleus
• Membrane bound Organelles

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Plasma membrane

• Special boundary
• One physical trait shared by all

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Opener

• Complete the following sentence
• The plasma membrane is composed of a
  ______________

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Quiz

• Define the following
• Osmosis
• Hypertonic
• Hypotonic

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7.2
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The Plasma Membrane

• Selective permeability

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Plasma Membrane
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Plasma Membrane
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Phospholipid bilayer
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Phospholipid bilayer

• Phosphate head polar to water
• Two fatty acid tails are repelled by water
• Fluid mosaic model
• sea

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Other components

• Carbohydrates
• Cholesterol
• Proteins

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Plasma Membrane
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proteins

• Receptors outside
• Anchors inside
• Transport between

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Opener

• The plasma membrane of a cell consists of
• A. Protein molecules arranged in two layers with
  polar areas forming the outside of the membrane
• B. Two layers of lipids organized with the
  nonpolar tails forming the interior of the
  membrane
• C. Lipid molecules positioned between two
  carbohydrate layers
• D. Protein molecules with polar and nonpolar
  tails

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Quiz

• List three cell organelles and their functions

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7.3
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Structures and Organelles

• Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton

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• Cytoplasm
• semifluid material
• break down sugar (prokaryotic)

• Cytoskeleton -
• Network of fibers
• Protein
• provide anchor

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Structures and Organelles

• Nucleus
• Ribosomes
• Nucleolus
• Endoplasmic reticulum
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Centrioles
• Mitochondria

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Nucleus

• Directs cell functioning
• Stores DNA

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Ribosomes

• RNA and protein
• Produce proteins

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Nucleolus

• Site of ribosome production

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Folded sacs
• Interconnected channels
• Protein and lipid production

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Golgi apparatus

• Flattened stack of membranes
• Packages proteins
• Vesicles

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Lysosomes

• Use Enzymes to Digest
• Excess organelles
• Worn-out organelles
• Food particles
• Bacteria
• Viruses

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Centrioles

• Microtubles
• Play a part of cell division

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Mitochondria

• Energy generators
• Convert fuel particles into usable energy
• powerhouses

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Structures and Organelles

• Vacuole
• Chloroplasts
• Thylakoid
• Cell Wall

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Structures

• Cilia
• Flagella

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7.4
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Cellular Transport
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Cellular Transport

• Diffusion

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Cellular Transport

• Diffusion

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Diffusion

• Dynamic equilibrium

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Facilitated Transport

• Diffusion of water
• Channel protein
• Carrier protein

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Osmosis Diffusion of Water

• Water passes freely into and out of the cell
  through the plasma membrane
• In a solution, a substance (solute) is dissolved
  in a solvent

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Cells in solution

• Isotonic solution
• Hypotonic solution
• Hypertonic solution

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Active Transport

• Sometimes movement from lower concentration to
  higher
• Need energy
• Keeps homeostasis

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Transport of large particles

• Endocytosis
• Exocytosis

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Basic Cell Types

• Prokaryotic

• Eukaryotic

Bacteria Cells No Membrane bound Organelle
Animal and Plant cells Membrane bond organelle
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Animals, plants, bacterial

• What about viruses

• One or more cells
• Displays organization
• Grows and develops
• Reproduces
• Stimuli
• Energy
• Homeostasis
• Adapts over time

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Cell Structure and Organelles
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Plasma Membrane

• Boundary that control the movement of substances
  into and out of the cell

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Cell Wall

• Inflexible barrier
• Protection and support
• Plant cell

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Centrioles

• Important for cell division

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Chloroplast

• Site where photosynthesis takes place
• Double membrane organelle
• Thylakoids

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Cilia

• Aid in locomotion
• Aid in feeding
• Move things along the surface

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Cytoskeleton

• Framework for the cell

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Highly folded membrane that is the site of
  protein synthesis

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Endoplasmic reticulum

• Highly folded membrane that is the site of
  protein synthesis

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Flagella

• Aid in locomotion

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Golgi apparatus

• Membranes
• Modifies proteins
• Packages them for distribution outside the cell

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Lysosome

• A vesicle
• Digestive enzymes
• Breakdown worn-out material

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Mitochondrion

• Powerhouse
• Makes energy available to the rest of the cell

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Mitochondrion

• Powerhouse
• Makes energy available to the rest of the cell

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Nucleus

• Control center
• Holds coded directions
• production of proteins
• cell division

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Ribosome

• Site of protein synthesis

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Vacuole

• Temporary storage of materials

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Protein Synthesis

• Cell

• Central Dogma