WORLD WAR II

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WORLD WAR II
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CHAPTER 25 The Global Crisis
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FASCISM CREATES TWO LEADERS

• Fascism type of government emphasizing loyalty
  to the state and obedience to its leader
• Similar to Communism b/c
• Rule by one
• Denied individual rights
• State was supreme
• Unlike Communism b/c
• Believed in separate social classes
• No clearly defined theories
• Made up of middle and upper classes
• Fascists nationalists Communists
  internationalists

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BENITO MUSSOLINI

• Newspaper editor
• 1919 ? became leader of Fascist Party
• Black Shirts followers who acted as his militia
• Ran a campaign of terror on Italian Commies
• Oct. 1922 ? 30,000 Fascists marched to Rome
  demanding he be made leader
• King Victor Emmanuel III said OK
• Mussolini now Il Duce, or the Leader legally

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ADOLF HITLER

• Little known leader, born in Austria
• Fought in WWI for Germany
• 1920 ? joined, and led, political group, National
  Socialist German Workers Party
• A.k.a. Nazi Party
• Nazism German brand of fascism supported by
  middle and lower classes
• Swastika symbol (crooked cross)
• Brown Shirts private militia
• Der Führer Hitlers title (the leader)

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ADOLF HITLER (cont)

• 1923 ? arrested and jailed after trying to seize
  Munich
• Mein Kampf book Hitler wrote in prison
• Aryan German race (especially blond hair/blue
  eyed) superior to all, esp. Jews
• Need to conquer other areas
• Jan. 1933 ? Hitler becomes Chancellor legally
• President thinks Hitler could be used as a puppet
• Hitler created a totalitarian state
• Opponents banned
• SS (Shutzstaffel) ? protection squad created
• Gestapo ? German secret police created

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ADOLF HITLER (cont)

• Wanted total control over everyone
• Burned books
• Hitler Youth and League of German Girls
• Censored churches
• HUGE waves of anti-Semitism (well get to this
  more in depth later)

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WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR

• 1931 ? Japan takes Manchuria
• League of Nations condemned Japan, so Japan
  withdrew from the League
• League did nothing
• May 1936 ? Mussolini goes after Ethiopia
• Again, League did nothing
• July 7, 1937 ? Japan invades China
• And again, League did nothing

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION

• Why do you think the League of Nations, among
  other western European nations (i.e., Great
  Britain, France) did NOTHING?

ANSWER because they would do ANYTHING to keep
peace and not start another war.
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WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR

• Hitler Defies the Treaty of Versailles
• March 7, 1935 ? Hitler took back Rhineland the
  buffer zone/industrial gem between France and
  Germany
• Great Britain and Frances reaction ?
  appeasement, or giving in to an aggressor
  (Hitler) in order to keep peace
• EFFECT Hitler saw he could get away with it, so
  sped up his military and territorial expansion
• Nov. 1936 ? Axis Powers Japan, Germany, and
  Italy formed

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GERMANY
RHINELAND
FRANCE
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WORLD DRIFTING TOWARDS WAR

• Through this, U.S. chooses isolationism the
  belief that political ties to other countries
  should be avoided
• Nov. 5, 1937 ? Hitler announces his plan to
  expand the Third Reich
• March 1938 ? Hitler annexes Austria
• France and Great Britain did NOTHING!

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HITLER GOES FOR SUDETENLAND

• Sudetenland area in Czechoslovakia that used to
  be German land (many Germans)
• Sept. 1938 ? Hitler demanded that Czechs give it
  back to Germany
• Sept. 29, 1938 ? Munich Conference meeting b/t
  Great Britain, France, Germany, and Italy
• RESULT Britain and France say Hitler can take
  back Sudetenland if he respects Czechs new
  borders (appeasement)
• 6 months laterHitler invades Czechoslovakia

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 2

• What major country (that probably should have
  been there) was not at the Munich Conference?

• ANSWER Czechoslovakia ? they had no say in the
  agreement

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NAZIS SOVIETS ARE FRIENDS

• Aug. 23, 1939 ? USSR and Germany signed
  nonaggression pact promised never to attack
  each other
• Secretly planned to also conquer Poland and
  divide it in 2
• Sept. 1, 1939 ? Germany attacks Poland
• Sept. 3, 1939 ? Britain and France declare war on
  Germany
• BEGINNING OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR

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TWO SIDES

• AXIS POWERS
• Germany
• Italy
• Japan

• ALLIED POWERS
• France
• Great Britain
• USSR
• United States

• NOTE1 countries enter war at different times
• NOTE 2 these countries are the main players.
  More were involved.

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HITLERS LIGHTNING WAR

• Blitzkrieg Germanys military strategy
  involving fast-moving airplane from their air
  force (Luftwaffe) and tanks from their army
  (Wehrmacht), followed by massive infantry
• A.k.a., the Lightning War
• Destroyed Poland, esp. Warsaw
• Western ½ fell to Germany, eastern ½ fell to the
  USSR

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EERIE CALM

• For months, the French and British troops waited
  for war on the Maginot Line (French/German
  border)
• The Phony War ? Allied troops marched towards
  Germany b/c they were bored
• April 9, 1940 ? Hitler invaded Denmark and Norway
  (get closer to Britain)
• May 1940 ? Hitler strikes Luxembourg, Holland,
  and Belgium (get closer to France done in 10
  days)
• The Phony War was over

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FRANCE

• May 26, 1940 ? Germans trap French on a peninsula
  (Brits help out)
• June 10, 1940 ? Italy enters war and attacks
  France
• June 22, 1940 ? France surrenders
• Vichy France southern part of France used as a
  puppet govt for the Axis
• Charles de Gaulle French general fled to
  London and started making plans to get France
  back
• THE POINT? The French fought back

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GREAT BRITAIN

• Winston Churchill P.M. of Britain
• We shall never surrender.
• Fight for Britain an air battle
• RAF 2900 planes v. Luftwaffe 4500 planes
• Sept. 7, 1940 May 10, 1941 ? Battle of Britain
  Nazis attacked Britain especially big cities
  like London
• RESULTS Hitler called off attacks
• LESSON LEARNED Hitlers advances could be
  stopped

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 3

• Next, we are going to learn about the Shoah,
  which is considered one of the most important
  events in WWII. Question is, what is the Shoah?

• ANSWER The Holocaust ? Shoah is the Hebrew word
  for it

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LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST

• Holocaust massive slaughter of civilians,
  especially Jews
• Nazis promoted anti-Semitism
• Jews were blamed for the economic problems of the
  country after WWI and during the Depression
• Anti-Semitism had been going on for centuries in
  Germany, and Europe, before the Holocaust

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LEADING UP TO THE HOLOCAUST

• 1933 ? law states Jews cannot hold public office
• 1935 ? Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of their
  natural rights
• Nov. 9, 1938 ? Kristallnacht Night of the
  Broken Glass
• Nazis attacked Jews and destroyed their homes and
  businesses
• EFFECT signaled beginning of elimination of the
  Jews
• Ghettos segregated Jewish areas were created
  in Polish cities

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THE FINAL SOLUTION

• Final Solution Hitlers plan of genocide
  killing of an entire people
• Jews (especially), Poles, Russians, Gypsies,
  homosexuals, insane, and disabled
• Hitler did this b/c he was impatient that Jews
  werent dying fast enough

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THE FINAL SOLUTION

• Hitler sent SS from town to town to hunt down
  Jews
• SS took Jews to isolated spots and killed them in
  mass graves
• Took other Jews to concentration camps where
  theyd work as slaves

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MASS EXTERMINATION

• Early 1942 ? Final Stage
• Death camps built with gas chambers for mass
  murder ? 6000 per day
• Auschwitz largest death camp

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NUMBERS

• 6 million Jews died in death camps and Nazi
  massacres
• Most of the Jews were either from Poland or the
  Soviet Union

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U.S. INSORT OF

• Summer 1941 ? U.S. begins supplying the Allies
• Hitler attacks these ships with his Kriegsmarine
  (Navy) U-boats
• Sept. 4, 1941 ? U-boats attack U.S. destroyer
• U.S. Navy unofficially at war with Germany

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PACIFIC CAMPAIGN

• Dec. 7, 1941 ? Japanese attack Pearl Harbor
• Led by Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto greatest naval
  strategist in Japanese history
• Destroyed nearly the entire U.S. Pacific fleet in
  2 hours
• Dec. 8, 1941 ? U.S. declared war
• on Japan

Franklin Delano Roosevelt, President of the
United States, gave a speech to Congress about
the attack.
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CHAPTER 26 THE U.S. IN WWII
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WAR IN NORTHERN AFRICA

• Sept. 1940 ? Mussolini goes after British
  controlled Egypt
• Brits fight back and push out Italy
• General Erwin Rommel German general who helps
  Italians fight war in Africa
• A.k.a., the Desert Fox
• Pushed Allies back and took major port city of
  Tobruk

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NORTH AFRICA CAMPAIGN

• Allies have two generals go and win it back
• General Bernard Montgomery British
• General Dwight Eisenhower American
• Operation Torch Eisenhowers plan to invade
  Morocco and Algeria to trap Rommel
• RESULT Rommels Afrika Korps smashed by May 1943

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SOVIETS V. NAZIS

• June 22, 1941 ? Operation Barbarossa German
  blitzkrieg invasion of the USSR
• Went after Leningrad and Moscow
• Leningrad destroyed
• Moscow saved b/c of reinforcements and Russian
  winter

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 4

• What other major leader in World History lost his
  battle with Russia due to its crude winters?

• ANSWER Napoleon ? during WWII, the Soviets also
  used the scorched-earth policy like the Russians
  did against Napoleon

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PACIFIC CAMPAIGN

• At first, the Japanese had a wave of victories
• At peak, Japan controlled over one million miles
  of land and 150 million people
• Jan. 1942 ? Japan took Philippines, a U.S.
  territory
• Bataan Death March brutal transfer of American
  Filipino POWs by the Japanese in 1942

I was questioned by a Japanese officer who found
out that I had been in a Philippine Scout
Battalion. The Japanese hated the
Scouts.Anyway, they took me outside and I was
forced to watch as they buried six of my Scouts
alive. They made the men dig their own graves,
and then had them kneel down in a pit. The
guards hit them over the head with shovels to
stun them and piled earth on top. - Lieutenant
John Spainhower
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PACIFIC CAMPAIGN

• Allies Turn the Tide
• Doolittle Raid on Tokyo did little to destroy the
  city, but raised American morale
• June 4, 1942 ? Battle of Midway battle b/t
  Japanese and Americans for the American
  controlled Midway Island
• U.S. destroyed the largest naval force ever
  assembled in naval history (done by Yamamoto)
• New type of warfare used ? airplanes took off
  from aircraft carriers and did all the fighting
• RESULTS Americans won and it turned the tide of
  war in the Pacific against the Japanese

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PACIFIC CAMPAIGN

• Allies go on the Offensive
• Led by General Douglas MacArthur commander of
  the Allied forces in Pacific
• His strategy island hop, take weak islands, get
  close to Japan
• Aug. 7, 1942 Feb. 1943 ? Battle of Guadalcanal
  ended with the Japanese leaving the island of
  death

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ON THE ROAD TO VICTORY

• Dec. 22, 1942 ? Stalin asks Churchill and FDR for
  help on the western front
• Agreed to help, but in different ways

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STALINGRAD

• Aug. 23, 1942 ? Battle of Stalingrad fought b/t
  Germans and Soviets
• Feb. 2, 1943 ? Germans surrendered
• 99 of city destroyed
• 1 million Russians died

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 5

• How are the Battle of Stalingrad and the Battle
  of Midway similar?

• ANSWER both were major turning points in the
  war ? they both put the Axis Powers on the
  defensive and the Allies on the offensive

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INVASION OF ITALY

• July 10, 1943 ? 180,000 Ally soldiers land on
  Sicily
• Sept. 3, 1943 ? Italy surrenders
• Mussolini timeline
• Fired
• Arrested
• Restored to Il Duce
• Gets run out of Italy
• Gets found by Italian opponents of him
• April 29, 1945 ? gets executed, and then hung in
  Milan town square

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 6

• Next, we are going to learn about Operation
  Overlord, which is considered one of the most
  important events in WWII. Question is, what is
  Operation Overlord?

• ANSWER D-DAY

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D-DAY

• Operation Overlord invasion of Normandy that
  was the greatest land and sea attack in history
• June 6, 1944 ? D-Day
• Allies held beach head and won ? were able to
  push through German lines in France

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BATTLE OF THE BULGE

• Germany is getting advanced on both fronts
• Hitler decides to go with a counterattack on the
  western front
• Dec. 16, 1944 ? Battle of the Bulge held on an
  85-mile front in the Ardennes Forest
• Allies got surprised, but eventually won the
  battle

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GERMANYS UNCONDITIONAL SURRENDER

• March 1945 ? Allies take Berlin
• Apr. 29, 1945 ? Hitler makes final address to
  country
• Blames Jews for war, generals for losses, and
  tells Germany hes going to commit suicide
• April 30, 1945 ? Hitler and his wife, Eva Braun,
  kill themselves
• May 7, 1945 ? Eisenhower accepts unconditional
  surrender from Germany
• May 8, 1945 ? V-E Day Victory in Europe Day
  war over in Europe

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VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC

• Fall 1944 ? U.S. got Philippines back and are
  making their way towards Japan
• Oct. 23, 1944 ? Battle of Letye Gulf destroyed
  Japanese navy and now they only have Japanese
  army and kamikaze suicide pilots left to
  fight

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VICTORY IN THE PACIFIC

• March 1945 ? U.S. takes Iwo Jima
• Huge losses, but getting close to Japan
• June 22, 1945 ? U.S. took Okinawa
• Bloodiest land battle in the war, but again,
  closer to Japan

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SIDE TRACK BONUS QUESTION 7

• What was the Manhattan Project?

• ANSWER Find out on next page

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JAPANESE SURRENDER

• Manhattan Project creation of the atomic bomb,
  or A-bomb
• Truman used it b/c it was speculated that if the
  troops invaded Japan, itd cost ½ million lives
• Truman warned the Japanese, but they ignored him
• uh-oh

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JAPANESE SURRENDER

• Aug. 6, 1945 ? U.S. drops A-bomb on Hiroshima
• 73,000 dead
• Aug. 9, 1945 ? U.S. drops A-bomb on Nagasaki
• 37,500 dead
• NOTE radiation killed many more
• Sept. 2, 1945 ? Japanese surrender to MacArthur
• WWII IS COMPLETELY OVER!

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AFTERMATH IN EUROPE

• 40 million dead ? 2/3 civilians
• Cities, towns, countryside destroyed
• Millions left homeless
• Nuremberg Trials intl military tribunal
  putting Nazi war criminals on trial
• Many either executed or killed selves

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AFTERMATH IN JAPAN

• U.S. took occupation of Japan
• MacArthur in charge
• Made it a constitutional monarchy (like Great
  Britain)
• Demilitarized Japan ? left with only police

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AFTERMATH IN THE U.S.

• We are out of the Great Depression
• 1.2 unemployment
• Largest mass migration in U.S. History
• Millions went to CA between 1941-1944
• GI Bill of Rights created in 1944
• Gave education and training for veterans many
  used it to attend college (still exists)
• Civil rights movements began to take place
• Internment (confinement) camps 110,000 Japanese
  Americans were relocated to remote prison camps
• After the war, the Japanese Americans fought the
  injustice every Japanese American sent to a
  relocation camp received 20,000 (under REAGAN!!)

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WHAT THE FUTURE HOLDS

• Enemies became friends and friends became enemies
• Japan and U.S. allies after WWII
• USSR and U.S. enemies after WWII