History%20of%20the%20Middle%20East

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History of the Middle East

• I. The Prophet Muhammad

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Life of Muhammad

• Born 570 AD in Mecca, Saudi Arabia
• Orphaned at 6, married Khadijah who was 15 years
  older
• 610 AD, during the Arabic month of Ramadan, had
  his first vision of the Angel Gabriel
• Nephew Ali was an early convert
• Muslim one who submits to Gods will

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Conquest of Mecca

• In Media, Muhammad could not farm. Raided
  caravans to Mecca.
• Battle of Badr, Muhammad defeats a force from
  Mecca
• 629 AD He takes Mecca without bloodshed

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• No pictures of Mohammad.
• False Idols

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II. Islam

• What is Islam

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What is Islam?

• Islam act of submission to the will of god
• Believe in angles and jinns (spirits)
• Devil is called Iblis, al-Shayton. Devil is a
  fallen angel whose job is to corrupt men and
  women. (seems to be doing well)
• Believe that the Bible and the Torah are
  corrupted and the Quran is the corrected version.
  (Hadith)
• Muhammad is the last of the prophets Adam,
  Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jonah, Job, and Jesus
• Believe in Jesus but not as the son of god, Jesus
  will come again on Judgment Day to fight Satan
  (warrior)

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The Sixth Pillar Jihad

• Jihad struggle in the way of God
• Quran (929) fight against those who do not
  believe in God or the Judgment day, and those who
  refuse allegiance to the true faith Jews and
  Christians?
• Quran also says to be lenient towards Jews and
  Christians
• Muslim conquerors did not convert non-Muslims.
  Lived peacefully and protected them
• Quran lays done harsh penalties for murder

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Main Causes of Middle East Conflict

1. Incomplete transition from religious communities
   to nation states
2. Many Middle East people believe that their
   governments are illegitimate
3. Quest for dignity and freedom from countries that
   have endured subjection and are determined never
   to lose independence again
4. Problems that come from outside governments that
   try to help but dont
5. Growing concentration of highly destructive
   weapons in a region that is volatile and
   vulnerable

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Section III

• III. Creation of Israel

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Palestine after WWII

• Jewish Agency group supporting immigration of
  survivors of the Holocaust to Palestine
• British promised a state of Palestine (Arab)
• Jewish Agency condemned it illegal immigration
• https//www.youtube.com/watch?vjri0U57iWWM

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Zionist Movement

• Zionism movement for a Jewish Nation
• Stern Gang and Irgun Zionist terrorist groups
  actively attacked the British
• 1946 blew up the King David Hotel in Jerusalem

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Arab and Jewish Bitterness

• Palestine is called the twice promised land
  Both Arabs and Jews claim it
• Balfour Declaration British support Zionism.

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Enter the US

• British asked US for help
• Thought we would support Palestine
• We supported a bilingual, bi-national state
• Both Arabs and Zionists rejected it.

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Israeli War for Independence

• May 14, 1948 Israel is created out of Palestine
  by the UN with all five Arab UN members voting
  against it
• Next day, 5 Arab countries invaded Israel.
• Peace at last but everyone forgets about the
  Palestinian Arabs
• Jordan absorbs Palestine lands
• PLO is formed Palestine Liberation Organization
  (Yasir Arafat) Wants an independent state of
  Palestine

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The Rise of Sadat

• 1969 Golda Meir became Prime Minister of Israel
  and brings US/Israel ties closer
• 1971 Anwar Sadat becomes leader of Egypt
• Sadat wants the Sinai Peninsula back
• Egypt, Syria, and Jordan attack during the Jewish
  holiday of Yon Kippur

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The Yon Kippur War

• October 1973
• Syria, Jordan, and Egypt attack Israel during the
  Jewish holiday of Yon Kippur
• Arabs did not know that they would do so good so
  they did not know what to do next.
• Israel, because of the Holidays, called up their
  reserves fast.
• Israel went on the offensive and actually crossed
  the Suez Canal.
• US sold arms to Israel and in return OPEC started
  a trade embargo on oil.
• By 1978 Sadat visits Israel and restarts peace
  process

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Egypt Under Sadat

• 1978 Jimmy Carter invites Egypt and Israel to
  US
• 1979 Camp David Peace Accords Egypt and
  Israel peace agreement still holds today
• 1981 feeling betrayed, Sadat assassinated by
  his own people
• Replaced by Hosni Mubarak

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Iranian Revolution

• 1951- Dr. Mohammad Mosaddeq tried to establish a
  nationalized government and throw UK out and free
  Iran from foreign influence Pan-Arabism
• UK and US (CIA) overthrew him and but the young
  Shah into power
• US and UK wanted Iran to lead Middle East
• Shah a bad ruler, modernization, economic
  downturn, and Islamic fundamentalism led to
  revolt in 1979

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The Rise of Saddam Hussein and the Iran Iraq war
(First Persian Gulf War)

• Baath party Pan-Arab party takes power in Iraq
  in 1968
• Saddam, took power in 1979 (Security)
• Attacked Iran in 1980 to get land back
• War ended in 1988 with Iraq the biggest military
  in Middle East
• Invade Kuwait in 1991 (Second Persian Gulf War)

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The US and the Middle East
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Terrorism and the US

• 2 basic schools of Terrorism
• Terrorism can be deterred by striking back at its
  perpetrators and cowering them into submission
• The only way to stop terrorists are to cure the
  conditions that cause it.
• If you give in to terrorism, there will be more
  terrorist attacks.

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Terrorism and the US Cont

• 1983 truck bombs kills over 214 US marines in
  Beirut barracks. US was there on NATO
  peacekeeping mission
• 1989 Airplane explosion in Lockerbie, Scotland
  (Libya)
• 1993 bomb explodes in the New York World Trade
  Center killing 6. Plan was to have one tower
  fall into another. No retaliation
• 1998 Within 9 minutes of each other US
  embassys in Kenya and Tanzania are hit by truck
  bombs

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Usama bin Laden

• Mujahedin roaming soldiers of Allah after
  Afghanistan war. Could not go home.
• Become the moral and military guardians of the
  Islam world
• Form terrorist coalition called Al-Qaida
• Al-Qaida is well organize and establish 40 camps
  in Afghanistan to train terrorists

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• Usama bin Laden decrees that there is no
  difference between military and civilian targets
  in US
• A Jihad is called Holy war, war against
  personal vices, armed struggle, Crusade.
• May 2nd, 2011 after years on the run, Navy Seal
  Team Six catch and kill Osama Bin Laden in
  Pakistan.

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2001 Invasion of Afghanistan

• After the 9/11 attacks the US invaded
  Afghanistan and destroyed the Taliban October
  2001
• Helped by the Afghanistan Northern Alliance
• Failed to capture bin Laden in a cave complex in
  Tora Bora
• 2010, Obama orders 30,000 more troops there
• President Hamid Karzai asks for a lessor US role
  and President Obama cuts troops levels to 10,000.
• 2014 - New President Ashraf Ghani allows US to
  keep US drones and airplanes to help Afghan
  troops fight the Taliban.

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US Invasion of Iraq (Third Persian Gulf War)

• March 2003 US and UK invade Iraq with the goal
  of ending the Baath Party rule and remove Saddam
  Hussein from power (Dec 13th)
• Iraq insurgency turns popular opinion against the
  war in US
• 2007, Bush putting General Petraeus in charge,
  sends additional troops to Iraq to restore
  security (Bush troop surge) it works
• During the current transitional period Iraq has
  been plagued by violence from Sunni insurgents
  and Al-Qaeda terrorist network.
• August 2010, Obama declares armed role of US in
  Iraq over, troop levels fall to 50,000.
• December 15th, 2011 last US troops leave Irag.
• 2012 a group called ISIS goes on the offensive
  and takes over large parts of Iraq

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Arab Spring

• Started in Tunisia on December 18th 2010.
• Mohamed Bouazizi an unemployed graduate student
  self-immolated himself after he was roughed up by
  police for selling vegetables without a permit
• Arab Spring a series of demonstrations and
  protest throughout the middle east by mainly
  unemployed youth upset over corruption,
  unemployment, oppressive government, poverty,
  human rights violations
• Most started by young educated people

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Arab Spring Timeline

• Dec 2010 Tunsia Ben Ali resigns
• Jan 2011 Egypt Mubarak resigns (Tahrir
  Square)
• Jan 2011 Libya Civil War erupts
• October 2011 Libya Gaddafi killed
• Feb 2011 protests start in Syria against Assad
  maybe 3,000 people killed, Civil War close
  children tortured
• Nov 2011 Egypt Elections Muslim Brotherhood.
• Dec 2012 Arab League sends observers to Libya
• Jordan, Israel, Algeria, Oman, Bahrain, Iraq,
  Kuwait, Iran
• Led to regime change and many figures not running
  again.
• October 2011 Occupy Wall Street
• Saudi Arabia women movement
• Should I add US invasion Iraq 2003?

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US and Terrorism

• September 12, 2012 Riots break out in Egypt and
  Libya against a so called anti-Muhammad web video
  produced in the US.
• US ambassador to Libya Christopher Stevens is
  killed trying to flee as a mortar round hits his
  car killing all inside.
• Town of Benghazi

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ISIS

• Started in 1999 and in 2004 became al-Qaeda in
  Iraq
• Took part in the Iraq insurgency against US
  troops in Iraq
• By 2010 ISIS almost defeated and leadership was
  killed lowest number of people killed in
  insurgency
• By 2012 regrouped and formed with former Saddam
  Hussein Iraqi army commanders and relied less on
  foreign fighters (Sunnis). Online ME2
• July 2013 broke into Iraqi prisons (Abu Ghraib)
  and freed over 500 veterans of the Iraqi
  insurgency.
• June 2014 broke away with al-Qaeda and officially
  became ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria)
• Today they hold large areas of Syria and Northern
  Iraq

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The Islamic State

• On June 29th, 2014 ISIL proclaims itself a
  Worldwide Caliphate and its leader Caliph
  Ibrahim.
• Caliphate claims religious, political, and
  military authority over all Muslims worldwide.
• Very violent Charlie Hebdo (France) Online ME3
• October 2014, ISIS advanced to 15 miles from
  Baghdad forcing the US to put troops into Iraq to
  stop a total collapse.
• Libyan city of Derna and a militant group in
  Egypt has pledged to ISIL.
• They have a presence in Afghanistan and Yemen
  (which recently collapsed)

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ISIS

• January 2014, President Obama calls ISIS the JV
  team.
• October 31st a bomb goes off on a plane leaving
  Egypt to Russia killing 224.
• November 12th, 2015 President Obama calls ISIS
  contained
• On November 13th, two suicide bombers kill over
  40 people and wound 200 in Beirut.
• Also on the 13th, 5 separate attacks in Paris
  kill over 129 people and injure over 300.
• President Obama calls it a setback

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Why the rise of ISIS?

• After the end of British, French, and Ottoman
  imperial rule in the early to mid-20th century,
  Arab leaders failed to establish anything like
  stable democratic societies. Instead, they
  imposed unpopular and brutal military
  dictatorships that prevented any real sense of
  national unity developing and squandered the
  region's economic potential.
• The Middle East's progressive and democratic
  parties failed, due to a combination of
  incompetence and interference, to put together a
  viable alternative to these regimes.
• This created a large population of people in the
  Middle East who were disenfranchised and looking
  for a new form of politics. During and after the
  Cold War, Islamism rose to fill that void It
  appealed to an identity and a set of values that
  many in the Middle East shared and understood.
  This was part of a global revival of different
  forms of identity politics.
• Some governments like Saudi Arabia's
  quasi-monarchy, quasi-theocracy had an interest
  in helping spreading a fairly hard-line version
  of Islam, as it shored up domestic legitimacy.
  Radical Islamism also got a boost from foreign
  powers, as things like US support for Iran's
  brutal shah and the Soviet invasion of
  Afghanistan created understandable resentment
  that radicals were well-positioned to support.
• More recently, the 2003 US invasion of Iraq and
  the Arab Spring threw the Middle Easts normal
  geopolitical order into chaos,  creating a vacuum
  in which sectarianism became a powerful force.
  ISIS flourished in this kind of religiously
  polarized chaos, bringing us to the point we're
  at today.