Community Relationships Unit 2 Notes

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Community RelationshipsUnit 2 Notes
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• Niche is
• the species occupation and its
• Habitat
• location of species
• (its address)

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Niche

• A species functional role in its ecosystem
  includes anything affecting species survival and
  reproduction
• Range of tolerance for various physical and
  chemical conditions
• Types of resources used
• Interactions with living and nonliving components
  of ecosystems
• Role played in flow of energy and matter cycling

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Niche
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Types of Species

• Generalist
• large niches
• tolerate wide range of environmental variations
• do better during changing environmental
  conditions
• Specialist
• narrow niches
• more likely to become endangered
• do better under consistent environmental
  conditions

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r and k strategists

• Depending upon the characteristics of the
  organism, organisms will follow a biotic
  potential or carrying capacity type reproductive
  strategy
• The r-strategists
• High biotic potential reproduce very fast
• Are adapted to live in a variable climate
• Produce many small, quickly maturing offspring
  early reproductive maturity
• Opportunistic organisms
• The K-strategists
• Adaptations allow them to maintain population
  values around the carrying capacity
• They live long lives
• Reproduce late
• Produce few, large, offspring

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Types of Species

• Native species normally live and thrive in a
  particular ecosystem
• Nonnative species are introduced - can be called
  exotic or alien
• Indicator species serve as early warnings of
  danger to ecosystem- birds amphibians
• Keystone species are considered of most
  importance in maintaining their ecosystem

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Nonnative Species

• Nonnative plant species are invading the nation's
  parks at an alarming rate, displacing native
  vegetation and threatening the wildlife that
  depend on them
• At some, such as Sleeping Bear Dunes National
  Lakeshore in Michigan, as much as 23 percent of
  the ground is covered with alien species, and the
  rate of expansion is increasing dramatically.

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Indicator Species

• a species whose status provides information on
  the overall condition of the ecosystem and of
  other species in that ecosystem
• reflect the quality and changes in environmental
  conditions as well as aspects of community
  composition

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Keystone Species

• A keystone is the stone at the top of an arch
  that supports the other stones and keeps the
  whole arch from falling
• a species on which the persistence of a large
  number of other species in the ecosystem depends.
  
• If a keystone species is removed from a system
• the species it supported will also disappear
• other dependent species will also disappear
• Examples
• top carnivores that keep prey in check
• large herbivores that shape the habitat in which
  other species live
• important plants that support particular insect
  species that are prey for birds
• bats that disperse the seeds of plants

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Species Interaction
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Competition

• Any interaction between two or more species for a
  resource that causes a decrease in the population
  growth or distribution of one of the species
• Resource competition

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Competition
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Resource Competition
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Competition

• Any interaction between two or more species for a
  resource that causes a decrease in the population
  growth or distribution of one of the species
• Resource competition
• Preemptive competition

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Competition

• Any interaction between two or more species for a
  resource that causes a decrease in the population
  growth or distribution of one of the species
• Resource competition
• Preemptive competition
• Competitive exclusion

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Competitive Exclusion
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Competition

• Any interaction between two or more species for a
  resource that causes a decrease in the population
  growth or distribution of one of the species
• Resource competition
• Preemptive competition
• Competition exploitation
• Interference competition

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Competition
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PREDATION
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Predator Adaptations

• Prey detection and recognition
• sensory adaptations
• distinguish prey from non-prey

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Predator Adaptations

• Prey detection and recognition
• sensory adaptations
• distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
• passive vs. active
• individuals vs. cooperative

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Predator Adaptations

• Prey detection and recognition
• sensory adaptations
• distinguish prey from non-prey
• Prey capture
• passive vs. active
• individuals vs. cooperative
• Eating prey
• teeth, claws etc.

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Prey Adaptations

• Avoid detection
• camouflage, mimics,
• diurnal/nocturnal

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Prey Adaptations

• Avoid detection
• camouflage, mimics,
• diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
• flee
• resist
• escape

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Prey Adaptations

• Avoid detection
• camouflage, mimics,
• diurnal/nocturnal
• Avoid capture
• flee
• resist
• escape
• Disrupt handling (prevent being eaten)
• struggle?
• protection, toxins

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Herbivory

• Herbivore needs to find most nutritious
• circumvent plant defenses

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Herbivory

• Herbivore needs to find most nutritious
• circumvent plant defenses
• Herbivory strong selective pressure on plants
• structural adaptations for defense
• chemical adaptations for defense

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Herbivory
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Herbivory
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Herbivory
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Symbiosis Mutualists, Commensalists and Parasites
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• Symbiosis and symbiotic relationship are two
  commonly misused terms
• Translation of symbiosis from the Greek literally
  means living together
• Both positive and negative interactions

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Mutualism

• DEFINITION
• An interaction between two individuals of
  different species that benefits both partners in
  this interaction

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Mutualism

• Increase birth rates
• Decrease death rates
• Increase equilibrium population densities,
• Raise the carrying capacity

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Pollination

• Animals visit flowers to collect nectar and
  incidentally carry pollen from one flower to
  another
• Animals get food and the plant get a pollination
  service

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Yucca and Yucca Moth

• Yuccas only pollinator is the yucca moth. Hence
  entirely dependent on it for dispersal.
• Yucca moth caterpillars only food is yucca
  seeds.
• Yucca moth lives in yucca and receives shelter
  from plant.

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Lichen (Fungi-Algae)

• Symbiotic relationship of algae and
  fungaeresults in very different growth formas
  with and without symbiont.
• What are the benefits to the fungus?

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Nitrogen Fixation

• Darkest areas are nuclei, the mid-tone areas are
  millions of bacteria Gram -, ciliate

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Commensalists

• Benefit from the host at almost no cost to the
  host
• Eyelash mite and humans
• Us and starlings or house sparrows
• Sharks and remora

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Parasites and Parasitoids

• Parasites draw resources from host without
  killing the host (at least in the short term).
• Parasitoids draw resources from the host and
  kill them swiftly (though not necessarily
  consuming them).

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Parasitic wasps

• Important parasites of larvae.
• In terms of biological control, how would this
  differ from predation?

ovipositor
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Ecological Processes
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Ecological Succession

• Primary and Secondary Succession
• gradual fairly predictable change in species
  composition with time
• some species colonize become more abundant
• other species decline or even disappear.

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Ecological Succession
Gradual changing environment in favor of new /
different species / communities
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Primary SuccessionGlacier Retreat
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Disturbance

• Event that disrupts an ecosystem or community
• Natural disturbance
• tree falls, fires, hurricanes, tornadoes,
  droughts, floods
• Humancaused disturbance
• deforestation, erosion, overgrazing, plowing,
  pollution,mining
• Disturbance can initiate primary and/or secondary
  succession

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Ecological Stability

• Carrying Capacity maximum number of individuals
  the environment can support

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Ecological Stability - Stress

1. Drop in Primary Productivity
2. Increased Nutrient Losses
3. Decline or extinction of indicator species
4. Increased populations of insect pests or disease
   organisms
5. Decline in Species diversity
6. Presence of Contaminants

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• Which law directed the Secretary of the Interior
  to review every roadless area of 5,000 or more
  acres and every roadless island within National
  Wildlife Refuge and National Park Systems?
• A. Endangered Species Act
• B. Wilderness Act
• C. Lacey Act
• D. National Park Act
• E. Wild and Scenic Rivers Act

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• What are keystone species?
• A. existing in such small numbers that it is in
  danger of becoming extinct
• B. introduced to an environment where it is not
  native, and that has since become a nuisance
• C. likely to become an endangered species within
  the foreseeable future throughout all or a
  significant portion of its range
• D. serve as early warnings of damage to a
  community
• E. presence and role within an ecosystem has a
  disproportionate effect on other organisms within
  the system

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• Who did Roosevelt appoint to head the newly
  created US Forest Service to protect and manage
  the worlds forests?
• A. E.O. Wilson
• B. Aldo Leopold
• C. Robert MacArthur
• D. Stephen Mather
• E. Gifford Pinchot

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• Mutualism benefits
• A) one of the organisms hurts the other
• B) neither of the organisms
• C) both of the organisms
• D) benefits one doesnt hurt the other
• E) only one of the organisms

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• Commensalism
• A) benefits only one of the organisms
• B) benefits both organisms
• C) benefits one, doesnt harm the other
• D) benefits neither of the organisms

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• Biodiversity
• A) decreases with speciation and extinction
• B) decreases with speciation and increases with
  extinction
• C) increases with speciation and extinction
• D) increases with speciation and decreases with
  extinction

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• What is not a pre-zygotic barriers?
• A) behavioral isolation
• B) habitat isolation
• C) mechanical isolation
• D) hybrid isolation

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• Which of the following does species richness not
  depend on?
• A) rate of immigration
• B) island size
• C) distance from mainland
• D) types of species

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• Which is a species on which the persistence of a
  large number of other species in the ecosystem
  depends?
• A) r-strategists
• B) k-strategists
• C) nonnative
• D) keystone

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• What is not characteristic of a k-strategists?
• A) long life
• B) bigger bodies
• C) produce a lot of offspring
• D) produce late in life

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• What is not a predator adaptation?
• A) prey detection
• B) prey capture
• C) eating prey
• D) avoid detection
• E) mass numbers

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