AP BIOLOGY

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AP BIOLOGY

• First Semester

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Biochemistry
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Water

• Chemical structure
• Importance of

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Bonds

• Covalent
• Ionic
• Hydrogen
• Hydrophobic interactions

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Carbon Chemistry

• Importance of Carbon
• Chemical reactions with carbon
• Synthesis
• Cleavage (Hydrolysis)
• Oxidation
• Reduction
• Isomerization

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Carbohydrates

• Basic structure
• Importance of

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Lipids

• Basic structure
• Importance of

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Nucleic Acids

• Basic structure
• Importance of

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Proteins

• Basic structure
• Importance of

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Enzymes

• How they function
• How they are regulated
• Enzyme Catalysis Lab

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Cell Membranes

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Main Parts

• Nucleus
• Membrane Organelles
• ER
• Golgi
• Mitochondria
• Chloroplast
• Ribosomes
• Cytoskeleton

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Membrane

• Important Structures

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Movement across the Membrane

• Diffusion and Osmosis Lab
• Active Transport
• Endocytosis and Exocytosis

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Cell communication

• Types of primary messengers
• Hormones (lipid or peptide/amides)
• Neurotransmitters (peptides/amides)
• Secondary messengers (propagate a message inside
  the cell)
• Signal transduction
• G-linked
• Kinase
• Ion transport

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Cellular Energetics
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Oxidation and Reduction

• Reducing Agents
• Oxidizing Agents

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Photosynthesis

• Overall reaction
• Light Reaction
• Dark Reaction
• Lab

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Cell Respiration

• Overall reaction
• Glycolysis and Fermentation
• Krebs Cycle
• Respiratory Chain
• Lab

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Heredity
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Chromosomes

• Structure
• Gene
• Allele
• Diploid
• Haploid

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Mitosis

• Stages
• Importance of
• Lab

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Meiosis

• Stages
• Importance of
• Crossing over
• Nondisjunction

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Basic Heredity

• Mendelian Gene (1 Gene ? 1 Chromosome)
• Law of Segregation
• Single Factor
• AA X aa (P)
• Aa x Aa (F1)

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Basic Heredity, cond

• Incomplete Dominance
• Codominance (Blood Type)

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Basic Heredity, cond

• Double Factor Cross
• AABB x aabb (P)
• AaBb x AaBb (F1)
• Independent Assortment

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Modern Heredity

• Sex Linked (XX, XY)
• Linked Genes (2 Genes ? 1 Chromosome)
• Recombination Frequency / Chromosome Mapping

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Molecular Genetics
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DNA Replication

• Semiconservative
• Basic Steps
• DNA Polymerase

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RNA

• mRNA
• tRNA
• rRNA

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Protein Synthesis

• Transcription
• Translation

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DNA Technology

• Restriction Enzymes
• DNA Fingerprint Lab
• Gene cloning using plasmids
• Transformation Lab