Grammar%20

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Grammar ? le Chinese --L Cheng
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Verb ?

1. perfective aspect ?, or completed action ?
2. It marks the completeness of an action
3. Position after verb
4. Verb le

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Verb ?
?? ?? ? ?? ??? Yesterday I
bought LE two steamed buns Zuótian wo mai
le liang gè mántou.Yesterday I bought two
steamed buns.
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With quantities
1.to mark quantified verbs 2.the object is a
specific quantity or duration 3.for
verbs and numbers occurring together
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With quantities
? ? ? ? ? ??? I eat Le three MW cakeWo
chi le san kuài dàngao.I ate three pieces of
cake.
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Sentence ?
1.modal ? and change of state ? 2.appears at the
end of the sentence 3. indicates that a new
situation exists the state of things has
changed. 4. In English, now or any more
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Sentence ?
?? ? ?? Weather cold LeTianqì
leng le. The weather is now cold
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Verb ? and sentence ? together
1.it describes what has been completed up till
now. 2.at this point, its now the case that x
has been done. so far or up till now.
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Verb ? and sentence ? together
? ?? ? ? ??????! You already drink
Le 11 MW beer LeNi yijing he le
shíyi píng píjiu le!Youve had eleven bottles of
beer!
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Liao ?

• ? is pronounced liao rather than le.
• literally means finish, complete or
  achieve. Liao ? is a verbal complement.
• 2. It indicates the success or failure of an
  action, appearing with ? (positive) or ?
  (negative).

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Liao ?
??????Ni lái dé liao ma?Can you make
it? ?????!Wo kàn bù liao a!I cant see!
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Liao ?
And, just to really confuse you, heres a
sentence with sentence ? and liao ?
together ??????!Píngguo mai bùliao le!You
cant buy apples any more!I.e.Apples have
sold-out!
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Summary
Verb ? Is about action. Marks completeness, or
perfective aspect. Occurs right after the
verb. Sentence ? Is about state. Marks a change
in state or a new situation. Indicates the
relevance of this information to the
present. Occurs at the end of the sentence.
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Summary
Verb ? and sentence ? together Marks what has
been done up to now. Indicates that this is the
current situation, and the action is on-going.
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?? !