States of Matter

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States of Matter

• Changes all around us

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What is Matter?

• Matter is anything that has mass (atoms) and
  volume (takes up space).
• EVERYTHING is made of matter.

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3 States of Matter
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Water in all 3 states
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4 States of Matter

• There are four states of matter
• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

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What Makes Something a Solid?

• Solids
• Retain their shape,
• Molecules are close together, with strong force
  between molecules that holds the shape,
• Molecules moving very slowly (vibrating)

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Solids
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What Makes Something a Liquid?

• Liquids
• Take the shape of its container,
• Molecules close but not as tightly held as in
  solids,
• Molecules move around each other.
• Liquids can have different viscosities

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What is Viscosity?

• Viscosity a liquids resistance to changing its
  shape.
• Thicker higher viscosity
• Thinner lower viscosity

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What is a Gas?

• Gas
• takes the shape of its container,
• molecules are very far apart and moving fast.

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Some Gas
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More Gas
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Lots and Lots of Gas
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Everything is in Motion

• All molecules are in motion

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Everything has Heat

• All molecules have heat.

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What is Heat?

• Heat is a transfer of energy

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WHAT IS HEAT?

• Heat is
• a transfer of thermal energy
• Thermal energy is the energy of the molecules of
  a substance
• Heat always goes from the warmer substance to the
  colder substance

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Where Does Heat Come From?

• Sun, burning fuel, friction

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How Does Heat Move?From HOT to COLD
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Convection

• Convection a substance in motion carries heat
  energy with it. (requires matter)

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Conduction

• Conduction is the molecule to molecule transfer
  of heat energy. (requires matter)

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Radiation

• Radiation photons travel through space from
  emitter to another point (does not require
  matter)

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How Do We Measure Heat?

• Thermometer measures the average Kinetic energy
  of the molecules in a substance.
• Celsius water freezes at 0oC and boils at
  100oC
• Farenheit water freezes at 32oF and boils at
  212oF.
• Kelvin begins at Absolute Zero -275 celsius
  limit of coldness the lowest possible kinetic
  energy that molecules can have (Theoretic point)

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What is Absolute Zero?

• Absolute Zero the temperature at which kinetic
  energy of molecules is zero, there is NO movement
  of the molecules.

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The Kinetic Molecular Theory

• Kinetic Molecular Theory explains thermal
  energy as the random movement of atoms or
  molecules explains the properties of matter.
• All matter is made of atoms (molecules)
• The molecules are in constant motion (kinetic)
• Motion and spacing of the molecules determines
  the state of matter
• Temperature of the molecules determines the
  motion and thereby the state of matter.
• More heat more motion more space

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Molecular Spacing and Heat Determine State of
Matter or Phase

• Solid close molecules, slow, cold
• Liquid pretty close, faster, warm
• Gas far apart, fast, hot

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Phase Changes Evaporation and Boiling

• Liquid heat ? Gas (Evaporation)
• ex. Puddle disappearing on a hot day (Boiling)
• Boiling pressure of escaping water vapor air
  pressure

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Evaporation is a Cooling Process
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Phase Changes - Melting

• Solid heat ? Liquid (Melting)
• ex. Ice melting to water

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Phase Changes - Condensation

• Gas heat ? Liquid (Condensation)
• ex. Liquid forming on the outside of a cold glass

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Phase Changes - Freezing

• Liquid heat ? Solid (Freezing)
• ex. Water cooling and changing into ice

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Phase Changes - Sublimation

• Solid heat ? Gas (Sublimation)
• ex. Dry ice, moth balls disappear over time

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Phase Changes - Deposition

• Gas heat ? Solid (Deposition)
• ex. Snow, frost on windows, breath on cold day,
  frost in freezer

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Thermal Expansion

• Thermal Expansion the expansion that occurs as
  a substance is heated

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Review
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