What%20We%20Know%20About%20Nuclear%20Energy?

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What We Know About Nuclear Energy?

• Borys Ledoshchuk,
• Professor, MD, PhD, Kiev, Ukraine,
• Supercourse, International Editorial Board

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Nuclear Energy, Nuclear Power Plants and Bombs,
Nuclear Medicine and Nuclear Protection
Reference Wikipedia
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Nuclear Energy - History
In 1898, French physicist Pierre Curie  and his
wife Maria Sklodowska-Curie had discovered that
present in pitchblende, an ore of uranium, was a
substance which emitted large amounts
of radioactivity, which they named radium.
Pierre Curie
Marie Curie, Sklodowska
Reference Wikipedia
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Nuclear Energy - History
In 1917  Ernest Rutherford the father
of nuclear physics, is credited with  splitting
the atom. In 1932 John Cockcroft and Ernest
Walton, attempted to split the atomic nucleus by
entirely artificial means, using a particle
accelerator to bombard lithium with protons,
thereby producing two helium nuclei.
 Ernest Rutherford
Reference Wikipedia
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Nuclear Energy - History
In 1932 James Chadwick discovered
the neutron.  In 1934 nuclear fission was first
experimentally achieved by Enrico Fermi In Rome,
when his team bombarded uranium with
neutrons.  In 1938, German chemists Otto
Hahn and Fritz Strassmann, along with Austrian
physicists Lise Meitner and Otto Robert
Frisch, conducted experiments with the products
of neutron-bombarded uranium.
Reference Wikipedia
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• Two Basic Types of Radiation
• Particulate Radiation
• Alpha particles
• Beta particulate
• Electromagnetic Radiation
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Ultraviolet light
• Gamma radiation
• X-radiation

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Alpha Particles
There are many alpha emitting radioactive
elements, both natural and manmade. You can find
fact sheets for several key alpha emitters at the
Radionuclides page
Alpha particles (symbol a ) are a type of
ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some
unstable atoms. They are large subatomic
fragments consisting of two protons and two
neutrons.
Alpha Emitter Atomic Number
americium-241 95
plutonium-236 94
uranium-238 92
thorium-232 90
radium-226 88
radon-222 86
polonium-210 84
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Beta Particles

• There are many beta emitters
• tritium
• cobalt-60
• strontium-90
• technetium-99
• iodine-129
• iodine-131
• cesium-137

Beta particles are subatomic particles ejected
from the nucleus of some radioactive atoms. They
are equivalent to electrons. The difference is
that beta particles originate in the nucleus and
electrons originate outside the nucleus.
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Gamma Rays
A gamma ray is a packet of electromagnetic
energy--a photon. Gamma photons are the most
energetic photons in the electromagnetic
spectrum. Gamma rays (gamma photons) are emitted
from the nucleus of some unstable (radioactive)
atoms.

• Gamma emitting radionuclides are the most widely
  used radiation sources. The three radionuclides
  by far most useful are
• cobalt-60, 
• cesium-137,
• technetium-99 m.

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Sources of High Energy Radiation
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Nuclear Energy - History
 In the United States - the first man-made
reactor, known as Chicago Pile-1, which
achieved criticality on December 2, 1942. This
work became part of the Manhattan Project, which
built large reactors at the Hanford Site to
breed plutonium for use in the first nuclear
weapons, which were used on the cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
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Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
photo taken at ground level of Nagasaki bombing
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Nuclear Energy
Electricity was generated for the first time by a
nuclear reactor on December 20, 1951, at
the EBR-I experimental station near Arco, Idaho,
which initially produced about 100 kW (the Arco
Reactor was also the first to experience partial 
meltdown, in 1955).
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Nuclear Energy
Russia's first nuclear power plant, and the first
in the world to produce electricity, was the 5
MWe Obninsk reactor, in 1954.
Block control panel Obninsk nuclear power
plant. Photo Ilya Varlamov
AM-1 reactor was shut down in 2002.  Photo
Alexander Belenky / BFM.ru
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Nuclear Power Plants
In 2009, 15 of the world's electricity came from
nuclear power, despite concerns about safety
and radioactive waste management. More than 150
naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been
built.
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Nuclear Power Plants
Many countries remain active in developing
nuclear power, including China, India, Japan and
Pakistan. All actively developing both fast and
thermal technology, South Korea and the United
States, developing thermal technology only, and
South Africa and China, developing versions of
the PBMR.
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Nuclear Power Plants
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World Map of Nuclear reactors
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Nuclear Fuel Cycle

• Uranium mining and milling
• Conversion and enrichment
• Fuel rod fabrication
• POWER REACTOR
• Reprocessing, or
• Radioactive waste disposal
• Low-level in commercial facilities
• High level at plants or underground repository

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Nuclear Reactor Process
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History of Nuclear Weapons
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First Atomic Weapons
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THE TRINITY TEST
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Nuclear Bomb
Tsar Bomba
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The Soviet Atomic Bomb 1939-1955
Yuli Khariton, one of the fathers of the Soviet
nuclear arms program
Khariton was one of the elite group of physicists
who, with Igor Kurchatov initiated the Soviet
atomic weapons program in the 1940s. He helped
found the secret nuclear weapons complex at
Sarov, renamed Arzamas-16 (and nicknamed "Los
Arzamas"), in April 1946 and became its first
Scientific Director, a position he held for 45
years.
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Nuclear weapons
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Nuclear weapons
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Nuclear Bombs Nuclear Club
 NPT Nuclear Weapon States (China, France,
Russia, UK, US)  Non-NPT Nuclear Weapon States
(India, North Korea, Pakistan)  Undeclared
Nuclear Weapon States (Israel) States suspected
of having nuclear weapon programs (Iran,
Syria)    NATO weapons sharing weapons
recipients    States formerly possessing nuclear
weapons
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Weapons Improvement
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General Nuclear Medicine
Nuclear medicine is a branch of medical imaging
that uses small amounts of radioactive
material to diagnose or treat a variety of
diseases
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Consumption energy in the world
Reference IEA
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Countries are going to use nuclear energy during
2015-2030

• Latin America 3 2 expected new (Chile, Peru)
• Western Europe 9 3 expected new (Italy,
  Portugal, Turkey)
• Eastern Europe 10 3 expected new (Belarus,
  Kazakhstan, Poland)
• Africa 1 5 expected new (Algeria, Egypt,
  Libya, Morocco, Tunis)
• Middle East South Asia 3 1 expected new
  (Bangladesh)
• South East Asia the Pacific 0 4 expected new
  (Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand)
• Far East 3 3 expected new (North Korea,
  Philippines, Vietnam)

Reference IAEA
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Relative energy content of natural sources of fuel

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Nuclear energy KWh/cap in the different region
(2007)
Reference IEA
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Nuclear Catastrophes

• a major nuclear war
• a military conflict in which few nuclear
  explosions take place
• the military (so-called surgical) employment
  of few nuclear explosions against specific
  targets
• the destruction of a city by a nuclear explosion
  produced by a terrorist commando
• the deliberate radioactive contamination on a
  significant scale of an inhabited area
• the accidental explosion of a nuclear weapon, or
  other accidents involving nuclear weapons
• a serious accident in a civilian nuclear
  installation, typically in an electricity-producin
  g nuclear reactor.

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Nuclear and Radiation Accidents
Radiation Accident - the  Mayak Disaster
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Nuclear and Radiation Accidents
The Three Mile Island NPP on Three Mile Island,
1979
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Nuclear and Radiation Accidents
The nuclear reactor after the disaster. Reactor 4
(center). Turbine building (lower left). Reactor
3 (center right)
April 26, 1986
Pripyat, Ukraine. Photo Taken by Jason Minshull
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Chernobyl disaster
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Chernobyl disaster
The outstanding prophylactic measures were
performed on the wide territories of Ukraine,
Russia and Belarus for the minimizing of the
population irradiation. Total number of the
resettled persons was more than 150 thousand
persons.
 
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Chernobyl disaster

• The successful assessment of the health
  outcomes of the Chernobyl Catastrophe and
  prevention of the possible future negative
  effects is in the combining of the international
  scientific, financial and humanitarian efforts
  for the solving these problems

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Chernobyl today
Chernobyl massively rushed tourists from western
countries.
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Today, the object "Shelter" is classified as a
place of surface storage (temporary storage) of
spontaneous radioactive waste (RAW).

• "Shelter" is equipped with systems that monitor
  the radiological situation inside this facility,
  as well as control systems of building structures.

 
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Nuclear and Radiation Accidents
Nuclear craft
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Risk of terrorism(new challenge to industry)
9/11 jet passed near Indian Point
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Risks of enrichmentand fuel fabrication

• Largest industrial users of water, electricity
• Paducah, KY, Oak Ridge, TN, Portsmouth, OH
• Cancers and leukemia among workers
• Fires and mass exposure.
• Karen Silk wood at Oklahoma fabrication plant.
• Risk of theft of bomb material.

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There are Three Factors That Affect Your Bodys
Exposure to Radiation
shielding
distance
Time
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Nuclear Protection
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Nuclear Protection
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Obama, Medvedev sign START treaty
The United States and Russia signed on 8 April
2010 year in Prague, a new treaty on strategic
offensive armaments.
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Reference
Kiev
Cairo
Pittsburgh
Tokyo
Novosibirsk
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U.S. Government References to Radiation
PowerPoint Files BookmarksAuthor Eric Marler
M.D.
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Nuclear Disaster Radiation PowerPoint Lectures
Google Web Search Author Eric Marler M.D.