Animal Systems

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Animal Systems
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Animals as an organism

• 1. Animals are composed of a variety of
  interdependent systems
• 2. No one system can function entirely on its
  own
• 3. In order to keep animals healthy, producers
  make sure that all systems function properly.

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Skeletal System

• Function - provides frame and support for all
  other systems and organs
• Cartilage -- firm, flexible tissues that is not
  as hard as bone
• Bones
• Function -- attach muscles, means of movement,
  protect internal organs, storage of minerals,
  blood formation

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Layers of Bone

• Periosteum -- outer layer cushions the hard
  portion of the bone repair of broken bones
• Compact Bone -- beneath periosteum, layer of hard
  mineral matter gives bones strength
• Spongy Bone -- Inside hard outer layer fills
  ends of bones lines hollow portions
• Red marrow -- inside cavities of spongy bone
  formation of blood cells
• Yellow marrow -- Located inside hollow portion
  fat storage cells energy storage

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Types of Bone

• Long Bones -- longest provide support and
  movement levers
• example -- legs, ribs, pelvic bones
• Short Bones -- smaller than long joints
  comfort and mobility
• example -- feet and hands

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Types of Bone

• Irregular Bones -- have an irregular shape
  support and protect
• example -- vertebrae
• Flat Bones -- thin and flat protect organs
• example -- skull

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Joints

• where different bones meet
• Ligaments
• connect bones together tough tissue
• Movement
• none hinge ball and socket gliding

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Muscular System

• Function -- to move the animal about, to provide
  movement for the proper functioning of the
  organs.
• Meat production -- muscles are processed into
  meat 30-40 of the animals body is muscle.

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Skeletal Muscle

• Movement -- movement for the bones of the
  skeleton and other voluntary movement composed
  of long, striated bundles that contract and relax
• Tendons -- connect muscles to bones
• Red Muscle -- contain many mitochondria lots of
  bood contract for long periods of time

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Skeletal Muscle

• White Muscle -- Fewer mitochondria contract
  faster fatigue faster.
• Smooth Muscle
• Movement -- Controls movements of the internal
  organs involuntary non-striated sheets.
• Examples-- Digestive tract, urinary tract

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Cardiac Muscle

• Movement -- muscles that control the heart
  striated and arranged in bands involuntary
  amazing
• Stamina -- of times a heart beats in a
  lifetime?

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Digestive System

• Function-- Supplies energy by converting ingested
  food into usable forms
• Conversion-- breaking food down into components
  that can be absorbed.
• Absorption-- bringing nutrients into the blood
  and ultimately into the cells

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Digestive System

• Monogastric System -- Simple stomach
• Examples of animals
• -- pig, dog, cat, birds,bear, humans
• Process
• Mouth
• Esophagus
• Peristalsis -- contractions of muscles that move
  food from the mouth to stomach
• Stomach -- breaks down food by muscle
  contractions and gastric juice

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Digestive System

• Small intestine
• duodenum -- breaks down food using enzymes
• jejunum -- absorbs food into bloodstream
• ilium -- more absorption takes place her
• villi-- fingerlike projections that absorb food
• Large Intestine
• Cecum -- contains microorganisms in some animals,
  useless in others
• Colon -- removal of water and minerals, breakdown
  by microorganisms
• Rectum -- passes waste material through to the
  anus

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Accessory Organs

• Liver -- filters blood, stores nutrients, and
  produces bile
• Pancreas -- produces enzymes (insulin, etc) that
  break down food
• Gall Bladder -- stores bile for use as needed.

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Digestive System

• Modified Monogastric System
• Examples of Animals --horses and rabbits
• Differences from simple monogastric -- enlarged
  cecum containing many microorganisms so that
  cellulose can be broken down and used.

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Ruminate Digestive Track
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Ruminant Digestive System

• Examples of Animals -- cattle, sheep, goats,
  deer, elk
• Differences from Simple monogastric
• Rumen -- storage vat food is soaked, mixed and
  fermented ( lots of microorganisms).
• Reticulum -- indigestible hard objects are
  removed, sorts feed for regurgitation (cud)
• Omasum -- grind roughage and remove some water
• Abomasum -- true stomach break down like
  non-ruminant stomach

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Circulatory System

• Function -- transports food, nutrients, water,
  oxygen and wastes throughout the body regulates
  temperature removes disease.
• Heart -- center of the circulatory system large
  muscle that pumps continuously
• Four chambers
• Atria -- receives blood into heart right from
  venacava, left from lungs
• Ventricles -- pumps blood out into arteries
  right to lungs left to aorta

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Route of blood in the heart
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Blood Vessels

• Arteries -- vessels that take blood from the
  heart
• Veins -- vessels that return blood to the heart
• Capillaries -- connect arteries and veins
  deliver nutrients to the cells and take away
  wastes
• Blood -- 1/2 is plasma (clear), 1/2 is cells

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Blood Components

• Red Blood cells -- give blood color carry oxygen
• White Blood cells -- destroy disease pus
• Platelets -- fragments of cells aid in clotting

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Circulatory System
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Respiratory System
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Function

• Takes oxygen from the air and places it in the
  bloodstream for distribution to the cells of the
  animals body.
• Removes carbon dioxide

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Structures

• Nostrils -- large amounts of air, open into nasal
  cavity
• Mouth -- brings in air
• Pharynx -- nasal cavity leads here common
  passageway for food, water, and air controlled
  by epiglottis

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Structures

• Larynx -- voice box (Adams apple) prevents
  material from entering lungs.
• Trachea -- large tube made of rigid
  cartilaginous rings branch into bronchi
• Bronchi -- branch out further

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Structures

• Alveoli -- surrounded by blood vessels carbon
  dioxide is removed from blood, and oxygen is
  absorbed
• Diaphragm -- large muscle under the lungs when
  contracted, rib cage expands and air comes in
  when the diaphragm relaxes, air is forced out

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Respiratory System Types

• Lungs
• Gills

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Capillary Network
Alveolus
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Nervous System
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Function

• The central system that controls all movements
  and processes of the body
• Impulse Movement -- sends information through a
  system of nerves
• electric impulses

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Structures

• Motor Neurons - nerves that conduct impulses from
  the brain to the body
• Sensory Neurons - send impulses from the body to
  the brain
• Spinal Cord - all nerves are connected directly
  or indirectly
• Brain

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Lobes of the Brain

• Cerebrum - largest part wrinkled and folded
  controls thought processes and memory
• Cerebellum - coordination center at the back of
  the brain
• Medulla oblongata - controls involuntary
  activities of the body
• (heart beat, breathing, body temp., digestion)

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Endocrine System

• Function - glands that secrete hormones (chemical
  control)
• Hormones - chemicals that are sent to specific
  areas of the body have a specific response
• Glands - produce hormones

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Pituitary Gland

• base of brain
• controls other glands
• growth and reproduction

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Hypothalamus

• lower front of brain
• controls body temp., hunger, sleep and digestion

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Adrenal glands

• on top of kidneys
• adrenaline -- fight or flight

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Thyroid gland

• on front of trachea
• thyroxin
• controls metabolism

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Pancreas

• secretes insulin and glucagon
• regulates sugar in the body

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Testes/Ovaries

• produce sex hormones

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Excretory System

• Function
• Remove waste products from the body

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Structures

• Kidneys - filter blood and remove water, salts,
  and ammonia
• Bladder - store wastes from the kidneys before
  release
• Lungs - removes CO2 and H2O
• Skin - removes H2O and salts

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Reproductive Systems
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Major Organs of the Reproductive System

• Ovaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which
  EGGS are formed and hormones are produced.
• Testes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces
  SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

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Sex Cells

• Contain HALF the normal number of chromosomes
• Female Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE)
• Male Reproductive Cell - SPERM
• Semen - the fluid that carries sperm

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Reproductive Terms

• Zygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and
  SPERM at fertilization.
• EMBRYO -- organism in early stages of
  development.
• PREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus
• Fertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM
  nuclei

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Reproductive Terms

• CONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization
• Ovulation - release of an OVULE from the female.
• Gestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or
  conception of a female until she gives BIRTH

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Female Reproductive Organs Structure
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Female Reproductive Organs Function

• Vulva -opening of reproductive tract
• Vagina - channel for birth and copulation
• Cervix - divides vagina and uterus
• Uterus - provides nourishment for fetus
• Horns of Uterus - where fetus grows
• Fallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs
• Ovaries - produces eggs and hormones

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Male Reproductive Organs Structure
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Male Reproductive Organs Function

• Testes - produce sperm and testosterone
• Epididymis - collects and stores sperm
• Vas deferens - transports sperm
• Ampulla - temporary storage
• Penis - places sperm in female
• Urethra - transports urine

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Male Reproductive Organs Function

• Cowper's Gland - produces semen
• Prostrate Gland - produces semen
• Seminal Vesicle - produces semen
• Retractor Penis Muscle -
• Scrotum - protects testes, maintains temp
• Sheath - opening of reproductive tract
• Spermatic cord - supports testes

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Reproductive Technologies
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Reproductive Technology

• Any method of REPRODUCTION that is different from
  NATURAL methods

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Artificial Insemination

• Placing SPERM into the female reproductive tract
  by means other than natural mating.

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EMBRYO transfers

• The transfer of FERTILIZED egg(s) from a DONOR
  female to one or more RECIPIENT females

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Cloning

• The production of an exact GENETIC COPY of an
  organism