Derives from Latin word for

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Propaganda

• Derives from Latin word for propagate
• From the name of a missionary organization
  started by Pope Gregory XV in 1623, Congregatio
  de propaganda fide (Congregation for Propagating
  the Faith)
• Common definition (the spreading of) ideas,
  information, or rumor for the purpose of helping
  an institution, cause, or person

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Appeals Methods Used

• Glamor (2)
• Shame (1)
• Fear (4)
• Name-Calling (1)
• Glittering
• Generalities (1)

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Glamor Appeal poster 1 of 10

• German WWII propaganda poster

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Glamor Appeal poster 2 of 10

• American WWII propaganda poster

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Shame Appeal poster 3 of 10

• American WWII propaganda poster

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Fear Appeal poster 4 of 10

• American WWI propaganda poster

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Fear Appeal Demonization

• Make the enemy inhuman and, therefore, easier to
  exclude (and easier for us to have no qualms
  about killing)
• Hide the enemys eyes give it demonic
  features (claws, etc.) Less human suggests less
  moral

Source for quotations http//www.duke.edu/ejh2/p
s120/method.htm
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Undoing Demonization?
In creating deep-seated beliefs to garner
support for the war, propagandists effectively
made it more difficult to end the war. How does a
nation transform itself from the great demon of
the time to a friendly neighbor once again? The
second World War started, in part, because of the
peace that ended the first Great War. World War I
propaganda might thus have contributed, though
indirectly, to the start of World War II.
Source http//www.duke.edu/ejh2/ps120/method.htm
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Fear Appeal poster 5 of 10

• British WWII propaganda poster

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Fear Appeal poster 6 of 10

• Australian WWII propaganda poster

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Fear Appeal poster 7 of 10
These posters rock people out of their
complacency with grim, unromantic visions of war.
They depict the human cost of war, confronting
the viewer with corpses, bloodshed, and
gravestones.These images appeal to darker
impulses, fostering feelings of suspicion, fear,
and even hate. Source Natl Archives Exhibit
on U.S. in WWII http//wae.clever.net/webcat/powe
rs/powers.htm

• American WWII propaganda poster

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Name-Calling Definition p. 1 of 3
The name-calling technique links a person, or
idea, to a negative symbol. The propagandist who
uses this technique hopes that the audience will
reject the person or the idea on the basis of the
negative symbol, instead of looking at the
available evidence. Methods

• Bad Names (less subtle)
• Negative Emotional Charge (more subtle)

Source http//carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propag
anda/name.htm
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Name-Calling Definition p. 2 of 3

• Bad Names

• Commie
• Fascist

Source http//carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propag
anda/name.htm
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Name-Calling poster 8 of 10

• German WWII propaganda poster

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Name-Calling Definition p. 3 of 3

• A more subtle form of name-calling involves
  words or phrases that are selected because they
  possess a negative emotional charge. Those who
  oppose budget cuts may characterize fiscally
  conservative politicians as stingy. Supporters
  might prefer to describe them as thrifty. Both
  words refer to the same behavior, but they have
  very different connotations. Examples of
  negatively charged words include

• social engineering
• radical
• stingy

Source http//carmen.artsci.washington.edu/propag
anda/name.htm
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Glittering Generalities poster 9 of 10

• Canadian WWII propaganda poster

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Glittering Generalities p. 1 of 2
We believe in, fight for, live by virtue words
about which we have deep-set ideas. Such words
include civilization, Christianity, good, proper,
right, democracy, patriotism, motherhood,
fatherhood, science, medicine, health, and love.
We call these virtue words "Glittering
Generalities" in order to focus attention upon
this dangerous characteristic that they have
They mean different things to different people
they can be used in different ways. This is ...
a criticism of the uses to which propagandists
put the cherished words and beliefs of
unsuspecting people.
Source IPA website at http//carmen.artsci.washin
gton.edu/propaganda/glitter.htm
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Glittering Generalities p. 2 of 2
The Glittering Generality is, in short, Name
Calling in reverse. While Name Calling seeks to
make us form a judgment to reject and condemn
without examining the evidence, the Glittering
Generality device seeks to make us approve and
accept without examining the evidence. In
acquainting ourselves with the Glittering
Generality Device, therefore, all that has been
said regarding Name Calling must be kept in mind
See also Addendum to Propaganda slide 5
Source IPA website at http//carmen.artsci.washin
gton.edu/propaganda/glitter.htm
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Transfer poster 10 of 10
In the Transfer device, symbols are constantly
used. The cross represents the Christian Church.
The flag represents the nation. Cartoons like
Uncle Sam represent a consensus of public
opinion. Those symbols stir emotions . At their
very sight, with the speed of light, is aroused
the whole complex of feelings we have with
respect to church or nation. Source IPA website
at http//carmen.artsci.washington.edu/
propaganda/transfer.htm

• British WWII propaganda poster

See also Addendum to Propaganda slide 6
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All these propaganda methods rely on fallacious
logic
Here is a particular type of syllogistic fallacy
called fallacy of the undistributed middle term.

• Premise 1 Bill Clinton supported gun-control
  legislation.
• Premise 2 All fascist regimes of the twentieth
  century passed gun-control legislation.
• Conclusion Bill Clinton was a fascist.

Summary propaganda relies on its recipient not
thinking
Source IPA website at http//carmen.artsci.washin
gton.edu/propaganda/logic.htm
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Key questionWho thinks?