AP U.S. History Unit 1 Part 2

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AP U.S. HistoryUnit 1 Part 2

• 1300-1607

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The Age of Discovery

• Portugal 1450s Prince Henry the Navigator
• Diaz (Dias) 1488 and the Cape of Good Hope
• De Gama 1498 and India
• Cabral and Brazil (1500)
• Africa
• Gold
• Slaves

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Amerigo Vespucci

• Claimed to be the first to Brazil (1501)
• So a German Map-maker called the New World America

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Portugal

• Portugal had trading stations in Africa, India,
  China and the East Indies

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Spain

• Columbus Italian
• Indians
• The Conquistadors Cortez and Pizarro
• The Missionaries Las Casas
• Slavery
• New Spain
• St. Augustine, Fla. 1565

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The Treaty of Tordesilles 1494

• In an effort to prevent the two Catholic
  countries, Spain and Portugal from going to war
  over the New World, the Pope drew a boundary line
  (which was later adjusted to accommodate
  Portugals claim to Brazil)
• Portugal maintained control of the W. African
  slave trade The Asiento

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Other Spanish Explorers

• 1513 Balboa The first European to see the
  Pacific from the New World
• 1519 Magellan The first European to
  circumnavigate the globe
• 1513 Ponce de Leon Discovered Florida while
  searching for the fountain of youth

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More Spanish Explorers

• Coronado sought Golden Cities in the American
  Southwest
• Cabrillo sailed as far north to Oregon (justified
  Spains claims here to 1819)
• Spain will not realize true wealth from
  exploration until after 1540

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The Conquistadores

• de Soto sought gold in the American Southeast
  and crossed the Mississippi. Brutalized the
  Natives. (1530s, 40s)
• Cortez (Cortes) 1519-21 conquered the Aztecs
  led by Montezuma. Thought Cortez was the god,
  Quetzalcoatl
• Pizarro 1532 defeated the Incas

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Impact of the Spanish

• Conquest and subjugation
• The Encomienda System forced labor (mining)
• The Hacienda System forced agricultural labor
• Mestizos Amerindian and Spanish
• St. Augustine established to protect Spanish
  holdings in the SE and Caribbean from the French
• Is the oldest European settlement in what is now
  the United States

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By 1609 The Mission SystemForced Conversion

• Santa Fe (NM) First
• Popes Rebellion Natives rebelled against
  Spanish rule. Was Crushed.
• Texas Mission 1716
• California mission 1763 (Spain concerned with
  Brits and Russia in N. America

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The Black Legend

• Advanced by Protestant countries in Europe
• Claimed that Spain alone killed for Christ by
  enslaving the natives, forcing labor, infecting
  with disease, stealing wealth
• The Spanish had a HUGE impact on the culture of
  central and South America

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Later

• The English Jamestown 1607
• The French Quebec 1608
• The Dutch New Amsterdam 1609

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The French in North America

• Verrazano 1524 sailed along the east coast of
  N. America from Maine to the Carolinas was
  probably the first to see NY harbor
• Cartier 1530s explored along the St. Lawrence
  River (causing Spain to establish St. Augustine)
• Champlain founded Quebec in 1608

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More French Explorers

• Cadillac 1701 founded Detroit
• La Salle 1682 sailed through Quebec, the Great
  Lakes and down the Mississippi with Native guides
• Wanted to hamper the Spanish in the Gulf of
  Mexico
• Named Louisiana (for Louis XIV)

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The French

• Trading posts established along the Mississippi
• New Orleans was the most important in 1718

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The French and the Amerindians

• Had harmonious relations with natives
• Due to trade, necessity (intermarriage)
• Beaver pelts in demand in Europe
• Trade was a process to natives relationship
• Coureurs de bois runners of the woods were
  French frontiersmen after pelts
• Voyageurs French seamen who recruited natives
  for fur trade

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The French and the Natives

• The French gifted the natives which was an
  important intertribal custom so much better than
  the Spanish methods or the English policy of
  extermination
• The Jesuits tried to convert the natives and
  even save them from the French trappers.
• Were respected by natives for holding up well
  under torture

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The French

• Were allied with the Huron and Algonquin tribes
  and armed them against the Iroquois
• When the Iroquois and the English allied, the
  Iroquois were no longer at a disadvantage
• Native population suffered due to warfare,
  disease, alcoholism

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The French

• By the 1760s (the end of the French and Indian
  War) the natives made an effort not to kill each
  other and stay out of European affairs
• In the endby 1600 the native population fell by
  90
• Smallpox was the biggest factor

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British explorers

• The Cabot Brothers (Italian) explored
  Newfoundland to Va. For England (1497)
• Frobisher (1576) explored the coast of Labrador
• Elizabeths Sea Dogs (like Drake) inspired
  England by looting Spanish ships on their way to
  Spain from the New World

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The War of the Spanish Armada 1588

• The Spanish fleet was destroyed in the English
  Channel establishing England as a great naval
  power.
• At the same time, attempts were made by the
  English to colonize in the New World.

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The English

• Motives Wealth, religion, beggars, convicts,
  idle women, land, primogeniture, entail
• Economic problems made people move out
• War created taxes
• Population explosion but fewer farms and higher
  food prices (enclosure)
• Highwaymen large force of unemployed farm
  workers were wandering the countryside
• 1601 Queen Elizabeths Poor Laws were draining
  the treasury

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The English

• Cabot brothers explored for the English (1497)
• Henry VIII not much interest
• Elizabeth I encouraged private enterprise
• English colonies were founded with little help or
  interference from the crown
• Different for Spain and France

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English Advantages in Colonization

• More capital for investment by private cos like
  merchant companies (Dutch too) due to larger
  middle class
• Greater social mobility
• Relative freedom for women
• Lust for land
• Government let religious dissenters go
• Government encouraged permanent settlement

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The English

• Self government allowed Mayflower Compact,
  Virginia House of Burgesses, growing religious
  tolerance especially after William and Mary
  signed the English Bill of Rights during the
  Glorious Revolution

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Early English Attempts

• Queen Elizabeth 1 and Sir Walter Raleigh (and Sir
  Francis Drake and others)
• 1583 Sir Humphrey Gilbert ( partnered with ½
  brother-Raleigh) took an expedition to
  Newfoundland and traveled down the coast but was
  lost at sea.
• Raleigh failed to get from Elizabeth but
  claimed the land as Virginia anyway.

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Raleigh

• 1585 Raleighs cousin and new partnerSir
  Grenville settled a small group at Roanoke in N.
  Carolina.
• They terrorized the Indians before they left for
  more supplies.
• Drake arrived some months later with supplies but
  the settlers decided not to stay and went back to
  England

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Roanoke

• Raleigh made one more attempt (on his coin) It
  will bankrupt him
• 1587 Raleigh brought 91 men 17 women and 9
  children to Roanoke.
• Virginia Dare was born therefirst European child
  to be born in the New World.
• Habitations were built, some crops planted and
  Raleigh went back for supplies promising to
  return within a few months

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Roanoke

• Before the ship left for England the settlers
  were told to carve a message on a certain tree if
  they had to relocate. If they had to leave in a
  hurry, they were to carve a cross in the tree
• When the ship returned to England, Elizabeth
  would not allow it to return with supplies to
  America until 1590.
• She needed all of her ships and men to fight the
  Spanish in the War of the Spanish Armada (1588)

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Roanoke

• In 1590, Virginia Dares grandfather hired a ship
  going to the west Indies to stop at Roanoke.
• No one was there! Carved on the tree was CROA
• There WAS a tribe nearby called the Croatoans
• Did they join the tribe? Did the Croatoans
  attack them?

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Roanoke

• A true History Mystery
• The ship captain refused to stay and help to look
  so grandpa got onto the ship and went to the West
  Indies and no one else ever went back to look
• BUT later reports of Native Americans using
  certain English wordsreports of blond Indians

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In 1606 King James

• Issued charters to two merchant companies to
  settle in the New World.
• Private investors could raise large sums of to
  finance such ventures
• The London Company to settle in the Southern
  Region
• The Plymouth Company to settle in the Northern
  Region

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1607 Jamestown the first permanent English
colony in the New World

• The London Co. (later will be called the Virginia
  Co.) sent 144 men on three ships to Virginia
• The Godspeed, Susan Constant, and the Discovery
• These men were young and in good physical shape
  and were indentured servants
• Only 104 survived the trip

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New France, New Spain, the English Colonies
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Reasons for Exploration and Colonization

• God
• Gold
• Glory

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Religion

• A true desire to convert new peoples to
  Christianity missionaries
• Rivalry between Catholics (especially the
  Jesuits) and Protestants for new souls
• Religious freedom (6 of the 13 English colonies
  were founded for religious reasons)

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Competition

• Between the new and growing nation-states of
  Europe for power and products
• Marco Polo and his memoirs
• Goods from the EastThe Spice Islands
• A search for an all-water route to the Far East

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The Renaissance

• Encouraged new knowledge
• New inventions, technology
• Maps
• The Caravel
• The Lateen Sail
• The Astrolabe
• The Printing Press

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Economics

• Desire for new products, Natural Resources
• A Need for new Markets
• Mercantilism

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The European Colonizing Agents

• Spain (Monarchy) was the only country to bring
  back real wealth.
• The wealth from the Aztec and Inca empires
  inflated the European economy ten times over
• The French (Monarchy) found wealth in the Fur
  Trade
• The English and the Dutch (Constitutional
  Monarchies) made their money by trading with
  their colonies

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Religion

• The Huguenots were expelled from France and came
  to the New World
• The Spanish (and French) sent missionaries to
  convert the natives
• Six of the thirteen English colonies were founded
  for religious reasons

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The Columbian Exchange

• Crops the potato, corn
• Animals Protein sources
• DiseaseSmallpox, Syphilis

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The Europeans and the Native Americans

• The Spanish
• Conquistadors
• The Encomienda, hacienda, and mission systems
• Tried to enslave the natives
• The Missionaries Las Casas
• The Slave Trade Asiento
• Spanish Society

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The Europeans and the Natives

• The French How they colonized
• The Fur Trade
• Friendly relations with natives
• Married into the tribes
• Depended upon the natives for survival

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The Europeans and the Natives

• The Englishand the Puritans
• The English and Virginia
• The Iroquois were allied with the English
• All others were allied with the French soEnglish
  policy was extermination
• 1637 The Pequot War (Conn)
• 1675 King Philips War (Metacomet was the chief
  of the Wanpanoaga tribe) (Mass)
• The New England Confederation

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Religious Freedom

• Not an issue for Spain or Portugaleveryone was
  Catholic
• Not an issue for the NetherlandsThey tolerated
  all faiths
• FranceWhen the Edict of Nantes was revoked about
  300,000 Huguenots (French Calvinists) to the New
  World (Carolina)
• England Puritans, Pilgrims, Quakers, Catholics

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Mercantilism

• Thomas Hobbes and The Leviathan defended
  mercantilism
• Adam Smith and The Wealth of Nations defended
  free-market capitalism
• What IS Mercantilism?

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Mercantilism

• and the Spanish
• and the French Colbert
• and the English Navigation Acts

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End of Unit I

• Please take a good look at Unit I terms and
  definitions
• Consider The relationships that developed
  between the Native Americans and the three main
  European colonizing agents differed markedly.
  Discuss the differences noting the role of
  religion, economics, and war.