Beginning of Modern Times

1
Unit 9

• Beginning of Modern Times

2
Chapter 28

• The Renaissance

3

• Chapter Overview 
• In the 1300s 1400s, Western Europe experienced
  the following changes 
• people became more interested in art learning.
• there was a call for the church to change their
  teachings and practices concerning Christianity. 
• people were seeking shorter and less costly
  routes to the Far East. 
• new forms of Christianity appeared. 
• a rebirth in Roman and Greek culture.

4

• Chapter Facts
• Around 1300, certain western European scholars
  developed an interest in classical writings that
  led to the Renaissance.
• Renaissance is a French word that means
  rebirth. Historians consider the Renaissance to
  be the beginning of modern history. The
  Renaissance began in northern Italy and then
  spread through Europe. Italian cities such as
  Naples, Genoa, and Venice became centers of trade
  between Europe and the Middle East. Arab scholars
  preserved the writings of the ancient Greeks in
  their libraries. When the Italian cities traded
  with the Arabs, ideas were exchanged along with
  goods. These ideas, preserved from the ancient
  past, served as the basis of the Renaissance.
  When the Byzantine empire fell to Muslim Turks in
  1453, many Christian scholars left Greece for
  Italy. The Renaissance was much more than simply
  studying the work of ancient scholars. It
  influenced painting, sculpture, and architecture.
  Paintings became more realistic and focused less
  often on religious topics. Rich families became
  patrons and commissioned great art. Artists
  advanced the Renaissance style of showing nature
  and depicting the feelings of people. In Britain,
  there was a flowering in literature and drama
  that included the plays of William Shakespeare.

5
(No Transcript)
6
3. During the Renaissance, a great deal of
importance was placed in the arts. 4. Artwork
became an excellent source of revenue for kings.
Most of the money was donated by patrons. 5.
Leading artists included Michelangelo, who
sculpted the statue of David and painted the
Sistine Chapel. 6. Leonardo da Vinci, another
leading Renaissance man, was a painter, inventor,
and a scientist. Some of his works include the
Mona Lisa and Last Supper. He also drew the
Vitruvian Man, and he he greatly advanced the
state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy,
civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. 7.
The Renaissance began in Florence where the
Medici family started a very profitable banking
business and reintroduced the concept of
capitalism.
7
(No Transcript)
8
1.8.  The ideas of the Renaissance spread from
Italy into France and Germany in the late
1400s. 2.9. Most of the reason for the spread of
Renaissance ideas was due to an invention by
Johannes Gutenberg. 3.10. This invention was the
printing press which allowed books to be printed
rather than hand written. This allowed books to
be produced cheaper, in higher volume, and in
vernacular. As a result, the literacy rate
spread throughout Western Europe. 4.11. In the
early 1500s, Renaissance ideas had spread to
Spain and England. 5.12. In England, people
became very fond of plays, most of which were
written and inspired by the writings of William
Shakespeare.
9
(No Transcript)
10
Chapter 29

• The Reformation

11

• Chapter Overview
• Martin Luther became the 1st person to challenge
  the authority of the Catholic Church when he
  nailed his 95 Theses to the Churchs door. 
• He began what became known as the Protestant
  Reformation. 
• The Catholic Church began a reformation movement
  of their own known as the Catholic or Counter
  Reformation. 
• The Reformation movement spread to England where
  the Anglican Church was formed. 
• These factions in Christianity sparked many wars
  in Europe, including the Thirty Years War.

12

• Chapter Facts
• By the early 1500s, many people began to question
  the authority of the church. Many people said
  they had become corrupt and greedy. 
• The movement against the Roman Catholic Church
  began with Martin Luther. 
• His biggest complaint was how the Church was
  selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). 
• By 1524, most people in Germany had left the
  Catholic Church and joined the Lutheran
  Churchcreated by Luther. 
• With religious conflict spreading throughout
  Germany, the Peace of Augsburg was signed in
  1555. This allowed the German prince to decide
  whether German citizens should be Catholic or
  Lutheran. 
• Martin Luther ideas became known as the
  Protestant Reformation. 
• Other Protestant churches to form included the
  Calvinists in France and the Anglicans in England.

13
8. While the Protestants formed new churches,
Catholic reformers worked to improve their
church.  9. Between 1545-1563, the Council of
Trent reformed many Roman Catholic
practices.  10. Despite the efforts of the
Council of Trent, England still had a reformation
of their own.   11. King Henry VIIIs wife was
unable to bore him a son. As a result he wanted
the Pope to annul his marriage. The Pope refused
so King Henry removed him from head of the Church
of England.  12. As a result, the Anglican Church
was formed. 13. By the late 1500s, Elizabeth I of
England allowed for both Protestants Catholics.
14
14. In 1598, France issued the Edict of Nantes
which allowed for the Catholics and Huguenots to
both practice their form of Christianity.  15.
Despite efforts to allow for both Protestant and
Catholic religions to exist in Europe, many wars
were fought. The English fought with the
Spanish, the German city-states fought the Thirty
Years War, and in France, a Civil war was fought
between the Huguenots and Catholics.  16. After
the Thirty Years War, no more wars were fought
over religion in Europe. Instead, nations tried
to gain power through trade and expansion
overseas.  17. Thus began the Age of Exploration.