DNA Technology

1
DNA Technology
2
Genetic Engineering

• Using technology to manipulate the DNA of one
  organism by inserting DNA of another organism
• Used for studying a particular gene, disease, or
  trait

3
Recombinant DNA

• Combining fragments of DNA from one source with
  fragments of DNA from another source
• Usually involve the use of bacteria cells as the
  host
• Plasmids small, circular pieces of DNA in
  bacteria

4
Cutting DNA

• Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
• Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

5
Restriction Enzymes

• The cut can be made straight across a base-pair
  sequence resulting - "Blunt End
• The cut can be made in an offset manner leaving
  exposed nucleotide sequences. These exposed
  sequences are called "Sticky Ends"

Blunt End
Sticky end
6
Recombinant DNA Process

• Cut plasmid and DNA fragment from organism of
  choice with the same restriction enzyme
• Join plasmid with DNA fragment using the enzyme
  DNA ligase (recombination)
• Insert transformed plasmid back into bacteria
  cell

7
Recombinant DNA Process

• Bacteria molecules containing recombinant DNA
  grow making many copies of identical bacteria
  (cloning)
• Isolate the gene copied in the bacteria

8
(No Transcript)
9
(No Transcript)
10
Electrophoresis

• DNA can be separated based on size and charge
• The phosphate groups are negatively charged
• DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run
  through

11
Electrophoresis

• Negative DNA moves toward the positive end
• Smaller fragments move farther and faster

12
Electrophoresis
13
DNA Fingerprinting
Structural genes are often separated by large
regions of repeating base pairs (junk DNA) The
number of these repeats is unique to an
individual. When DNA from a person is cut with a
restriction enzyme, the length of the fragments
will be unique to an individual.
14
DNA Fingerprinting Contd

• This will produce a unique banding pattern when
  run on gel electrophoresis.
• This test is highly accurate, and the
  probability of another individual possessing an
  identical banding pattern is estimated as around
  114,000,000,000.

15
DNA Fingerprinting
16
Copying DNA

• Polymerase Chain Reaction
• Also called PCR
• A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

17
PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small
starting sample
18
Cloning

• Clone- a member of a group of genetically
  identical cells
• May be produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis)

19
Cloning organisms

• A body cell from one organism and an egg cell
  from another are fused
• The resulting cell divides like a normal embryo

20
Cloning Dolly
21
(No Transcript)
22
Stem Cells

• A human embryo up to 14 days is a ball of
  undifferentiated cells called stem cells
• They have the potential to develop into various
  types of cells

23
Stem Cells

• As an adult, you have some stem cells (bone
  marrow), but they can only develop into certain
  types of tissue
• Embryonic stem cells have the potential to help
  people with disabling diseases that affect tissues

24
Human Genome Project
25
Human Genome Project

• Started in 1990
• Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46
  chromosomes)
• Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
• Mapping every gene location (loci)
• Conducted by scientists around the world

26
HGP Insights

• Only 2 of human genome codes for proteins
  (exons)
• Other 98 (introns) are non-coding
• Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected
  100,000)
• Proteome organisms complete set of proteins
• About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms
  (SNP) places where humans differ by a single
  nucleotide
• About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces
  of DNA that move to different locations on
  chromosomes)

27
Benefits of Human Genome Project

• Improvements in medical prevention of disease,
  gene therapies, diagnosis techniques
• Production of useful protein products for use in
  medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and
  pharmaceutical industries.
• Improved bioinformatics using computers to help
  in DNA sequencing

28
Benefits of Genetic Engineering
29
Biotechnology -

• The use of gene science to create new products
  from plants and animals

30
BiotechnologyProvides

• Improved food products
• Medical advances
• An enhanced environment

31
Herbicide Resistant Crops
CP4 EPSPS Roundup gene Ready

• Soybeans Roundup Ready
• Corn Roundup Ready, Liberty Link
• Cotton BXN, Roundup Ready
• Canola Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

32
Biotechnology Breakthroughs

• Insulin (1982)
• First commercial biotech product
• Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin
• Rice
• Enriched with beta-carotene and iron
• Bananas
• Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

33
Biotechnology Breakthroughs

• Potatoes with higher solid content
• Garlic that lowers cholesterol
• Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer
  and heart disease

34
Environmental Benefits

• Reduced pesticide use
• Lower energy requirements
• Cleaner water
• Less soil erosion

35
(No Transcript)