Liberal

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Liberal Conservative Islam

• Turkey --- Saudi Arabia

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But first, some definitions---

• Secular
• The state of being separate from religion
• Orthodox
• Accepting and closely following the traditional
  beliefs and customs of a religion
• Fundamentalism
• A form of a religion that upholds belief in the
  strict, literal interpretation of scripture.
• Extremist
• a person who holds extreme or fanatical political
  or religious views, one who resorts to or
  advocates extreme action.
• Islamist
• views emphasize the implementation of Sharia
  (Islamic law) of pan-Islamic political unity
  and of the selective removal of non-Muslim,
  particularly Western military, economic,
  political, social, or cultural influences in the
  Muslim world that they believe to be incompatible
  with Islam.
• Sharia Law

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Shari'a Law
the path

• Islamic Code of Laws based on No separation
  between Church and State!
• 4 Main sources of Sharia
• The Quran
• Sunna refers to the actions, statements and way
  of life of the Prophet Muhammad
• Hadith everything that was said by the prophet
  during his teachings during 23 years
• Ijma- Perceptions of religious Scholars
• Qiyas- methods that arose when jurists agreed on
  new legal principles

Directly from Muhammad
1.
2.
3.
4.
Not from Muhammads teaching
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Where in the world is sharia practiced???
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Where Is Sharia Practiced?

• Government under God. In those Muslim countries
  where Islam is the official religion listed in
  the constitution, Sharia Law is declared to be a
  source, or the source, of the laws. Examples
  include
• Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Bahrain, Yemen, and the
  United Arab Emirates, where the governments
  derive their legitimacy from Islam.
• In Pakistan, Iran, and Iraq, among others, it is
  also forbidden to enact legislation that is
  antithetical to Islam.
• Saudi Arabia employs one of the strictest
  interpretations of sharia. Women are not allowed
  to drive, are under the guardianship of male
  relatives at all times, and must be completely
  covered in public. Elsewhere, governments are
  much more lenient, as in the United Arab
  Emirates, where alcohol is tolerated. Non-Muslims
  are not expected to obey sharia and in most
  countries, they are the jurisdiction of special
  committees and adjunct courts under the control
  of the government.
• Completely Secular. Muslim countries where the
  government is declared to be secular in the
  constitution include
• Azerbaijan, Egypt, Tajikistan, Chad, Somalia,
  and Senegal. Islamist parties run for office
  occasionally in these countries and sharia often
  influences local customs. Popular Islamist groups
  are often viewed as a threat by existing
  governments.
• Turkey Under the suspicion that the majority
  party, the Islamist Justice and Development
  Party, was trying to establish sharia, Turkey's
  chief prosecutor petitioned the constitutional
  court (Economist) in March 2008 to bar the party
  from politics altogether. One of the politicians
  indicted, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan,
  told Newsweek, "Turkey has achieved what people
  said could never be achieved--a balance between
  Islam, democracy, secularism and modernity."

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Liberal Conservative Islam

• Turkey --- Saudi Arabia

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Comparison

• Conservative- Saudi Arabia

• Liberal- Turkey

• Liberal
• Favorable to progress or re-form, as in political 
  or re-ligious affairs. Open to new behavior or
  opinions and willing to discard traditional
  values.

• Conservative
• Holding to traditional attitudes and values and
  cautious about change or innovation, typically in
  relation to politics or religion.

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CIA factbook Saudi Arabia BBC Country Profile SA
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Wahhabi

• Wahhabi
• a member of a strictly orthodox Sunni Muslim sect
  from Saudi Arabia strives to purify Islamic
  beliefs and rejects any innovation occurring
  after the 3rd century of Islam "Osama bin Laden
  was said to be a Wahhabi Muslim"
• The Wahhabi Ulama reject reinterpretation of
  Quran and Sunna in regard to issues clearly
  settled by the early jurists. Wahhabi jurists
  also reinterpret areas not decided by the early
  jurists.
• By rejecting the validity of reinterpretation,
  Wahhabi doctrine is at odds with the Muslim
  reformation movement of the late 1800s and early
  1900s.
• The Muslim reformation movement sought to
  reinterpret parts of the Quran and Sunna to
  conform with standards set by the West, most
  notably standards relating to
• gender relations
• family law
• participatory democracy
• Ulama a body of Muslim scholars recognized as
  having specialist knowledge of Islamic sacred law
  and theology

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How popular? (Stephen Schwartz on Islam
Wahhabism)

• ARABIAN PENINSULA
• Wahhabism is official in Saudi Arabia.
• It is influential in Qatar, Kuwait, and the
  United Arab Emirates.
• It has a substantial following in Yemen, which
  also has many Shia Muslims.
• It is unpopular in Bahrain and irrelevant in
  Oman.
• Outside the Peninsula
• Wahhabism is generally unpopular. But where
  trouble is found, Wahhabism may thrive. Hamas in
  Israel represents pure Wahhabism. Forms of
  neo-Wahhabi or Wahhabized ideology have been
  powerful in Egypt (the Muslim Brotherhood) and in
  Pakistan in both countries neo-Wahhabis lead
  attacks on other Muslims and other faiths. But in
  both countries mainstream Muslim scholars
  continue to struggle against Wahhabism. Wahhabi
  aggression was defeated in Algeria and
  Tajikistan.

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Frontline Saudi Time Bomb?

• For more than two centuries, Wahhabism has been
  Saudi Arabia's dominant faith. It is an austere
  form of Islam that insists on a literal
  interpretation of the Quran. Critics say that
  Wahhabism's rigidity has led it to misinterpret
  and distort Islam, pointing to extremists such as
  Osama bin Laden and the Taliban.
• Wahhabism's explosive growth began in the 1970s
  when Saudi charities started funding Wahhabi
  schools (madrassas) and mosques from Islamabad to
  Culver City, California.
• Here are excerpts from FRONTLINE's interviews
  with Mai Yamani, an anthropologist who studies
  Saudi society Vali Nasr, an authority on Islamic
  fundamentalism Maher Hathout, spokesperson for
  the Islamic Center of Southern California and
  Ahmed Ali, a Shi'a Muslim from Saudi Arabia.
  (Also see the Links and Readings section of this
  site for more analyses of Wahhabism and Saudi
  Arabia.)

• The House voted Friday to allow the families of
  9/11 victims to sue the state of Saudi Arabia for
  their alleged ties to terrorism. The vote comes
  four months after the Senate voted the bill
  through, but proponents worry that President
  Obama will veto the bill.
• Think Progress 1 2
• Washington Post
• Saudi 9/11 Links???
• Why relationship is under strain

US Saudi Relations
Interview
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The Women (PP)

• 11 Things Women Cannot Do
• http//www.theweek.co.uk/60339/eleven-things-women
  -in-saudi-arabia-cannot-do
• Unshackling themselves
• http//www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-afri
  ca/21602249-saudi-women-are-gaining-ground-slowly-
  unshackling-themselves
• Huffington Post Blog
• http//www.huffingtonpost.com/tag/saudi-arabia-wom
  en
• Wadjda
• http//www.theguardian.com/film/2013/sep/16/wadjda
  -oscars-saudi-arabia
• Women will vote
• http//www.nytimes.com/2011/09/26/world/middleeast
  /women-to-vote-in-saudi-arabia-king-says.html?page
  wantedall
• Women who dared to drive
• http//www.ted.com/talks/manal_al_sharif_a_saudi_w
  oman_who_dared_to_drive.html

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Comparison

• Liberal- Turkey

• Conservative- Saudi Arabia

• Liberal
• Favorable to progress or re-form, as in political 
  or re-ligious affairs. Open to new behavior or
  opinions and willing to discard traditional
  values.

• Conservative
• holding to traditional attitudes and values and
  cautious about change or innovation, typically in
  relation to politics or religion.

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Turkey
CIA factbook Turkey BBC Country Profile Turkey
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Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

• Reforms

• He launched a program of revolutionary social and
  political reform to modernize Turkey. These
  reforms included
• the emancipation of women,
• the abolition of all Islamic institutions
• the introduction of Western legal codes, dress,
  calendar and alphabet, replacing the Arabic
  script with a Latin one.
• Abroad he pursued a policy of neutrality,
  establishing friendly relations with Turkey's
  neighbours.

• Father of the Turks

• Founder of modern Turkey in 1920s from Ottoman
  Empire after WWI
• Turkish army officer, revolutionary, and the
  first President of Turkey.

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Women in Turkey

• Tansu CillerPrime Minister of Turkey 1993-1996
• Professor (PhD), Economist and Politician
• Educated at University of Connecticut and Yale.

• Turkey banned women for wearing headscarves in
  public institutions 1984-2014
• Merve Kavakci-1999 elected MP banned from taking
  her position in Parliament b/c her headscarf was
  equated with being narrow-minded and against
  secularism

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Turkey Today

• Concerns over Islamisation

• The State

• President Recep Tayyip Erdogan
• Justice and Development Party (AKP). Islamist
• Appointed Prime Minister by parliament in 2002
• Elected President 8/2014
• President largely ceremonial (but)
• But critics say Erdogan is polarizing the country
  - by having no dissent and harboring a secret
  agenda to turn Turkey into a fundamentally
  conservative Muslim society.
• Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu
• AKP Party
• Erdogan loyalist
• Appointed 8/2014

• White Turks VS.
• a secular Western-facing elite
• Black Turks
• a more conservative, religious population largely
  excluded from the privileges of state power and
  viewed warily by generals long considered
  guardians of secularism. (voa)
• The fight
• 2013 Turkey lifts ban on headscarves
• 2013 Protests in Gezi Park
• Protests AGAINST Erdogan, ended with police
  crackdown
• 2014 New restrictions on alcohol

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Pumakali Salt Flats