Why is moss so short?

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Why is moss so short? How does moss utilize
water? Where are you likely to find moss? Why is
this the case?
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g-world/bryophyte-life-cycle-stages.jpeg
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http//waynesword.palomar.edu/images/fecycle.gif
How is the fern more advanced than the moss? In
terms of height, how does the fern compare to
moss and the pine tree?
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Gymnosperms and Angiosperms The Seed Plants
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Gymnosperms

• Seeded land plants
• Contain an ovule seed
• Pollinate for reproduction male non-flagellated
  pollen grains (wind dispersal)
• Contain a naked seed NOT contained within an
  ovary.

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Gymnosperm Life Cycle

• The diploid (sporophyte) stage produces cones.
• Male and female cones (the reproductive
  structures) produce two different kinds of
  haploid spores
• microspores (male) and
• megaspores (female).
• These spores give rise to gametophytes of the
  same sex, which in turn produce the gametes.
• Fertilization occurs when pollen grains are
  carried to the open end of an ovule.

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4 Gymnosperm Divisions

1. Pinophyta or Coniferophyta (pines, firs, spruces)
2. Cycadophyta (cycads)
3. Ginkophyta (ginko)
4. Gnetophyta (a mix of traits found in the three
   previous divisions AND they contain some
   angiosperm traits, the dumping ground)

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Pinophyta or Coniferophyta

• woody plants, usually trees
• wood compact
• Many have woody cones

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Pinophyta/Coniferophyta

• All other pinophytes are more common
• for example Pines, firs, spruce, even giant
  redwoods

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Cycads

• Possess large cones
• Found in Florida and Australia (possibly others)
• palmlike plants
• leaves usually pinnately compound
• 11 existing genera
• Dioecious (separate sexed plants)

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Ginkgophyta

• Only one living species- the supposed oldest
  tree around
• fan-shaped leaves, bilobed or with more lobes,
• Found initially in China and now all-over
• dioecious

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The Angiosperms (Anthophyta)

• 260,000 living species classified in 453 families
  

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Angiosperm Characteristics

• Angiosperms, although very diverse all share
  several common characteristics
• Ovules that are enclosed within a flower
• Double fertilization, which leads to the
  formation of an endosperm
• Stamens with two pairs of pollen sacs

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Monocots v. Dicots

• DICOTS
• Two cotyledons (seed leaf)
• Netlike venation
• Flower parts in multiples of 4s of 5s
• Vascular bundles are in
  rings
• Secondary (woody) growth
• Root develops from radicle, often a tap root

• MONOCOTS
• One cotyledon (seed leaf)
• Parallel (usually) venation
• Flower parts in multiples of 3s
• Scattered arrangement of vascular bundles
• No secondary growth
• Roots are adventitious, often fibrous

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Corn Stem Monocot scattered bundles
Medicago Plant Dicot bundles arranged in rings
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Rananculus Dicot Root X-shaped xylem
Corn Root Monocot ringed array of vascular
bundles in this
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Angiosperm Reproduction

• Meiosis in the sporophyte generation produces two
  kinds of spores.
• microspores
• which will germinate and develop into the male
  gametophyte generation and
• megaspores
• will develop into the female gametophyte
  generation.
• Flowers develop from flower buds.