World War II

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The Road to War 1919-1939
Honors US History 14.1
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Definitions

• Nationalism intense feeling of national pride
  and unity.
• Dictator a single person who has all of the
  political power in a nation.
• Fascism government system under the total
  control of a nationalist dictator and a single
  political party.
• Totalitarianism a system in which the
  government controls the entire country (politics,
  economy, culture, etc.)

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Totalitarianism

• Government establishes complete control of all
  aspects of the state(political, military,
  economy, social, cultural)
• Highly nationalistic (flags, salutes, rallies,
  uniforms)
• Strict controls and laws
• Military state (secret police, army, military)
• Censorship (opposing literature and ideas)
• Propaganda (media radio, newspapers, posters)
• One leader (dictator) charismatic
• Total conformity of people to ideas and leader
• Terror and Fear

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Totalitarianism
These theories, specifically Communism and
Fascism, are completely different theories that
are bitterly opposed however they exhibit the
same behaviour
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Communism

• I am Joseph Stalin, the leader of the Soviet
  Union from 1922-1953.
• What is Communism?
• LEFT WING
• based on theory by Karl Marx
• revolutionary idea of a political,
  economic and social system that creates a
  classless society
• state ownership and control of the means of
  production (no private ownership)
• Soviet Communism or Stalinism, was more of
  a totalitarian and military state combined
  with elements of communism

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Chaos at the Helm

• Lenin dies in 1924
• Effect of 22 stroke
• Trotsky (Red Army) vs. Stalin (Gen. Sec. of the
  Communist party)
• Party members all given their jobs by Stalin

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The Purges

• Paranoid, Stalin kills off all opponents, real or
  imagined
• Order 00486 kills socially dangerous their
  families
• The NKVD (Cheka) hunts down enemies
• Secret courts, immediate death

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Rise of a Dictatorship
Depression
Starvation and Misery
A need for leadership and change
A need to feel pride again
People support a charismatic leader
A need for someone to blame for everything
(scapegoat)
One person takes control
Totalitarian Dictatorship
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Fascism

• What is Fascism?
• RIGHT WING
• intense nationalism and elitism
• totalitarian control
• interests of the state more important than
  individual rights
• maintain class system and private ownership

Interesting Fact Fascism name was derived from
the fasces, an ancient Roman symbol of authority
consisting of a bundle of rods and an ax
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Unrest in Italy

• Italy did not receive the territory it wanted
  from WWI
• A depression started in the country
• The people became bitter and angry
• Some workers talked of turning to communism.

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Italy the Black Shirts

• Benito Mussolini becomes dictator of Italy
• Called IL Duce
• Promises Italians a new Roman Empire
• Invades Ethiopia

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Nazism

• I am Adolf Hitler the leader (der Fuhrer) or
  dictator of Germany from 1933 to 1945.
• What is Nazism?
• extremely fascist , nationalistic and
  totalitarian
• based on beliefs of the National Socialist
  German Workers Party
• belief in the racial superiority of the Aryan,
  the master race
• belief that all Germans should have lebensraum
  or living space in Europe
• Violent hatred towards Jews and blamed Germanys
  problems on them

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Decadence of the Weimar Republic
What problems did the Weimar Republic face?
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The Versailles Treaty
What was the problem with the treaty?
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The Great Depression
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Hitler considered himself superior, even though
he was a drifter failed artist during his
youth. (Not even German Austrian) A corporal
during WWI, he was devastated by Germanys loss
blamed it on the Jews. He started his political
career at age 30, joining the German Workers
Party (As a spy for Weimar Republic) He was an
excellent speaker and the Weimar Republic
employed him to lecture soldiers on the dangers
of communism and socialism. The Weimar Republic
gave him the confidence to speak in front of
crowds.
Group had only 40 members Hitler fell in love
with the ideas its leader Karl Drexler had about
blaming Jews and Communists for Germanys
problems. Hitler told Weimar Republic this group
posed no threat
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When he is put in his jail cell he is ranting and
raving about the Jews did this the Jews did
that. His cell mate Rudolf Hess started to write
all this down. It will become the book Mein Kampf
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Divisions of Race To Hitler

• Aryans (Germanic) Culture Creating
• Middle (Non Germanic) Culture Maintaining
• Jews -Culture Destroying
• Untermenschen- undesirable elements like Jews
  Gypsies , Jehovah Witnesses ,
  Homosexuals , Handicap, beggars,or those
  deemed work shy Habitual Criminals.
  Political Prisoners

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Germany Nazi Party

• Led by Adolf Hitler
• Called Der Fuhrer
• Claimed that Germans were the master race
• Hitler was a fantastic public speaker who was
  very charismatic for the German people.
• Nazis slowly took control over German Reichstag
  (Congress)
• Hitler named chancellor of Germany in 1933.

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Rise of Hitler

• Hitler becomes complete dictator of Germany.
• Starts to rebuild the German military which
  creates jobs for German people.
• Seizes Jewish assets to gain funding for eventual
  war.
• Sends army to reclaim areas lost during WWI for
  Germany.

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Nazi Military State

• SA (Sturmabteilung) Stormtroopers
  "brown-shirts" early private Nazi army that
  protected leaders and opposed rival political
  parties
• GESTAPO the Secret State Police
• SS (Schutzstaffel) Defense Corps black
  shirts, an elite guard unit formed out of the
  SA
• Lebensraum (living space) concept that
  emphasized need for territorial expansion of
  Germany into east
• Wehrmacht German army
• HJ (Hitler Jugend) Hitler Youth
• Einstazgruppen Nazi Death Squad mobile
  killing units
• untermenschen-Inferior People

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The Stab-In-The-Back Theory
German soldiers are dissatisfied.
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Hitler Demonizes the Jews

• Hitler proclaimed that Jews had stabbed Germany
  in the back - causing it to lose WWI.
• Said Jews were scheming to take over the world.
• Fed anti-Semitism which already existed in Europe.

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Persecution of the Jews

• Nuremberg Laws
• Took citizenship away from Jews
• Highly restricted their rights
• Forced to wear the yellow star
• Put into ghettoes and concentration camps
• Kristallnacht - 1938
• Night of the Broken Glass
• Nazis destroy Jewish businesses

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Imperial Dreams in Japan

• Japan had long been jealous of the empires of the
  white, European countries.
• Why shouldnt the Japanese have their own empire
  in the Pacific?
• Japan adopted the ways of the West and built up
  their industry and military during the Meiji
  period after first American contact.
• Led by General Tojo (military) and Emperor
  Hirohito (spiritual).

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The Manchurian Crisis, 1931
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Japan Invades Manchuria, 1931
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Japanese Invasion

• Japan invades China and Korea as well as a number
  of islands in the Pacific.(1931)
• Japan is a series of islands with little natural
  resources.
• Japan needs resources (oil, metal) for their war
  efforts
• Rape of Nanking
• Japanese terrorize Nanking, China

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Japanese Atrocities against the Chinese

• Japanese soldiers raped Chinese women and often
  killed them.
• Japanese killed Chinese for no reason.
• Japanese conducted vivisection experiments on
  Chinese people.

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Rape of Nanking
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Rape of Nanking
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A Weak League of Nations
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International Agreements

• Locarno Pact 1925
• France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy
• Guarantee existing frontiers
• Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East bank of
  Rhine River
• Refrain from aggression against each other
• Kellogg-Briand Pact 1928
• Makes war illegal as a tool of diplomacy
• No enforcement provisions

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The Ineffectiveness of the League of Nations

• No control of major conflicts.
• No progress in disarmament.
• No effective military force.

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Italy Attacks Ethiopia, 1935
Emperor Haile Selassie
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Germany Invades the RhinelandMarch 7, 1936
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The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939
Francisco Franco
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The Spanish Civil War1936 - 1939
The National FrontNationalists
The Popular FrontRepublicans

• Anarcho-Syndicalists.
• Basques.
• Catalans.
• Communists.
• Marxists.
• Republicans.
• Socialists.

• Carlists ultra-Catholic monarchists.
• Catholic Church.
• Falange fascist Party.
• Monarchists.

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The Spanish Civil War1936 - 1939
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The Spanish Civil War
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The Spanish Civil War 1936 - 1939
The American Lincoln Brigade
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Guernica by Pablo Picasso
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The Spanish Civil WarA Dress Rehearsal for WW
II?
Italian troops in Madrid
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The Austrian Anschluss, 1938
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The Problem of theSudetenland
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Appeasement The Munich Agreement, 1938
British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain
Now we have peace in our time! Herr Hitler is a
man we can do business with.
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Czechoslovakia Becomes Part of the Third Reich
1939
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German Expansion to WWII