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Monsoons:

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Geography & Its Effects Monsoons: feast or famine of South Asia, Green Revolution Irregular coastline: Italy has many natural ports, inviting trade & Renaissance – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Monsoons:


1
Geography Its Effects
  • Monsoons feast or famine of South Asia, Green
    Revolution
  • Irregular coastline Italy has many natural
    ports, inviting trade Renaissance
  • Land Bridge Korea serves as a cultural bridge
    for cultural diffusion between Japan and China
  • Great Eurasian Plain allowed easy invasions of
    Poland and Soviet Union (WWII)

2
  • Natural resources iron ore and coal in Great
    Britain - Industrial Revolution
  • Rivers early civilizations emerge Nile River,
    Indus River, Huang He
  • Island status Japans limited natural resources
    - imperialism industrialization, Great Britain-
    strength of navy, trade
  • Harsh winter Russias General Winter helped
    defeat Napoleon and Hitler

3
  • Desertification arable land turning to desert
  • Sahel region of Sahara Desert in Africa
  • Causes overgrazing, cutting down forests
  • Effects Sahara Desert grows 50 miles/yr, famine
  • Solutions education, planting trees to reduce
    soil erosion, crop rotation, international aid

4
  • Deforestation destruction of forests
  • Brazil, India, Indonesia
  • Cause developing nations looking to sell lumber
    or clear land to grow crops, graze cattle or
    build homes
  • Effects Losing 50 million acres of tropic forest
    each year, greenhouse effect, soil erosion,
    extinction of certain plants and animals
  • Solutions education, planting trees, population
    control, economic development

5
  • Overpopulation (too many people for the available
    resources)
  • Causes traditional values, laborers, lack of
    birth control
  • China, India, Bangladesh
  • Effects World population of 6.2 billion and
    growing, drain on resources (including energy,
    education, food, farmland and water)
  • Solutions education, family planning, Chinas
    one-child policy

6
Religions
7
  • Judaism
  • Israel, created in 1948
  • Holy Book Torah
  • Three beliefs monotheistic, God gave Hebrews the
    land of Canaan (Israel), 10 Commandments
  • Spread throughout world as a result of Diaspora
  • Impact Zionism (Jewish nationalism), conflict in
    the Middle East, anti-Semitism during Middle
    Ages, Holocaust, Russian pogroms, creation of
    Israel as a Jewish homeland

8
  • Christianity
  • Western Europe, Latin America (Catholic)
  • Holy Book Bible
  • Three beliefs monotheistic, Jesus Christ as
    savior, 10 Commandments
  • Spread through Age of Imperialism (White Mans
    Burden)
  • Impact Crusades, dominant institution during the
    Middle Ages, Protestant Reformation (Martin
    Luther)

9
  • Islam
  • Middle East (except Israel), Indonesia
  • Holy Book Quran (Koran)
  • Three beliefs monotheistic, Five Pillars (faith,
    prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage to Mecca),
    Sharia (Islamic laws)
  • Spread through trade and conquest
  • Impact unites most of Middle East, Islamic
    fundamentalism in Iran (1979), Crusades (Jihad),
    creation of Pakistan after the partitioning of
    India in 1947

10
  • Hinduism
  • India
  • Sacred text Vedas Upanishads
  • Basic beliefs several gods, caste system,
    reincarnation, karma, dharma, sacred cow, Ganges
    River is sacred
  • Impact caste system remains strong in rural
    areas but is weakening in cities, many Hindus are
    vegetarians (Sepoy Mutiny), partitioning of India
    in 1947

11
  • Buddhism
  • Southeast Asia, China (spread from India - an
    example of cultural diffusion)
  • Basic beliefs reincarnation, nirvana, Four Nobel
    Truths
  • life is full of suffering
  • suffering is caused by a desire for things
  • suffering can be eliminated by eliminating desire
  • following the Eightfold Path will help overcome
    desire (right thinking and action)

12
  • Confucianism
  • China
  • Basic beliefs Five Basic Human Relationships,
    education should be the road to advancement,
    filial piety (respect for family), Mandate of
    Heaven (rule must benefit people or may be lost -
    unlike divine right)
  • Impact provides social order and encourages
    education

13
Economies
14
  • Traditional based on subsistence farming
  • Manorialism based on feudal manor (little
    trade)
  • Mercantilism nations sought to export more than
    import/ favorable balance of trade (led to
    imperialism)
  • Free market/ Laissez-faire capitalism based on
    profit, private ownership, little govt
    interference

15
  • Command/ communism/ Marxist socialism govt
    makes all economic decisions, no private
    ownership, proletariat (workers) control means of
    production

16
Revolutions
17
  • Revolutionoverthrow of a pre-existing way
  • Neolithic Revolution FROM nomadic tribes TO
    domestication of animals and farming gave rise to
    early civilizations (food surplus)
  • Commercial Revolution FROM limited trade TO
    urban centers, new middle class and changes in
    business practices(mercantilism capitalism)
  • Scientific Revolution FROM medieval thinking
    based on Churchs teachings TO use of observation
    and reason

18
  • Glorious Revolution FROM absolutist policies of
    James II TO signing of Bill of Rights limiting
    power of the monarchy in Great Britain
  • French Revolution FROM absolute monarchy of
    Louis XVI TO democratic ideals of Enlightenment,
    end of estate system
  • Industrial Revolution FROM cottage industry
    (goods made at home by hand) TO factory system,
    women working, higher standard of living, reform
    movement

19
  • Russian Revolution FROM Czarist autocratic rule
    of Nicholas II TO communist rule under Lenin
    (Russia was the first communist nation)
  • Chinese Revolution FROM warlord control and
    civil war with Nationalists TO communist rule
    under Mao Zedong (supported by peasants)

20
  • Iranian Revolution FROM western rule of Shah
    Reza Pahlevi TO Islamic Fundamentalist rule of
    Ayatollah Khomeini
  • Green Revolution FROM limited crop yield TO
    double crop yield in South/Southeast Asia

21
Nationalism
22
  • All nationalists want independence from foreign
    rule
  • Latin America Simon Bolivar, Toussaint
    LOverture, Jose de San Martin
  • Italy Cavour, Mazzini, Garabaldi
  • India Mohandas Gandhi
  • Africa Jomo Kenyatta (Kenya) Kwame Nkrumah
    (Ghana)
  • China Sun Yat-sen, Chiang Kai-shek
  • Palestine Yasir Arafat

23
  • Karl Marx (Marxist/ Marxist Socialism/ communism)
  • V.I. Lenin (Russia/U.S.S.R.)
  • Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)
  • Mikhail Gorbachev (last communist leader of the
    Soviet Union)
  • Fidel Castro (Cuba)
  • Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping (China)
  • Ho Chi Mihn (Vietnam)
  • Kim Jong-Il (North Korea)

24
Supporters of Westernization
  • All supported modernization
  • Russia Catherine the Great, Peter the Great,
    Stalin
  • Iran Shah Reza Pahlevi
  • Turkey Kemel Ataturk
  • Japan Emperor Meiji

25
Ruthless Leaders
  • Adolf Hitler leader of Nazis(Germany)
  • Pol Pot leader of Khmer Rouge (Cambodia)
  • Slobadon Milosevic leader of Serbs (Serbia)
  • Mao Zedong leader of Red Guard (China)
  • Joseph Stalin leader of network of terror (Soviet
    Union)

26
Religious Leaders
  • Martin Luther
  • Goal to reform Roman Catholic Church
  • Posted 95 Thesis
  • Ideas church corruption must end - including the
    sale of indulgences, believed that faith alone -
    not the Pope and clergy - were needed for
    salvation
  • Impact Protestant Reformation shatters
    religious unity in Western Europe

27
Religious Leaders
  • Ayatollah Khomeini
  • Goal remove Shah Reza Pahlavi and create an
    Islamic Fundamentalist state in Iran
  • Impact 1979 Islamic (Iranian) Revolution,
    government required strict adherence to Muslim
    traditions and enacted anti-western policies,
    held Americans hostage for over one year, women
    lost rights

28
Types of Governments
  • Democracy govt by the consent of the people,
    govt to protect individual rights
  • Direct Athens
  • Indirect Rome
  • Parliamentary Britain India
  • Expands to Eastern Europe after the fall of
    communism, also the trend in Latin America and
    Africa
  • Word association Pericles, John Locke,
    Enlightenment

29
  • Communism/Marxist socialism government control
    of economy, classless society, strict govt
    controls. COLD WAR policy of containment stop
    the spread of communism
  • Russia/Soviet Union, V.I. Lenin, Stalin 1917
    (Russia is NO longer communist!)
  • China, Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping 1949
  • Cuba, Fidel Castro 1959
  • Vietnam Ho Chi Mihn 1975
  • North Korea Kim Jong Ill

30
  • Totalitarian/Authoritarian Total control
    (Stalin)
  • Fascist Dictator, extreme nationalism (Hitler,
    Mussolini)
  • Theocracy Religious rule (Ayatollah Khomeini in
    Iran, Taliban in Afghanistan)
  • Autocratic Rule by one (Czars of Russia)
  • Absolute rule Divine right (King Louis XIV and
    Louis XVI)
  • Feudalism Local control (NOT king), strict
    social system (Western Europe and Japan)

31
Human Rights Violations
  • Examples of Genocide (mass murder of a group of
    people)
  • Armenians during WWI
  • Holocaust (Jews and others) during WWII
  • educated persons under the Khmer Rouge
  • Hutus and Tutsies in Rwanda
  • Muslims in Bosnia by Serbs

32
Cultural Contributions
  • Early Civilizations
  • Mesopotamia legal system (Code of Hammurabi),
    wheel, irrigation, Cuneiform (writing system of
    Sumerians)
  • Ancient Egypt hieroglyphics, medicine,
    architecture
  • Phoenicians alphabet
  • Ancient China silk-making, gunpowder
  • Ancient Hebrews monotheism, Ten Commandments

33
  • EMPIRES all expanded their territory and
    control through conquest.
  • African Kingdoms Ghana, Mali Songhai (thrived
    on trade of gold and salt, Mansa Musa adopted
    Islam - example of cultural diffusion)
  • Middle East Byzantine Empire (Justinian Code,
    Eastern Orthodox, Constantinople, trade,
    influences Russia) Ottoman Empire(Suleiman the
    Magnificent tolerated Jews and Christians, falls
    after WWI)

34
  • Europe Roman Empire (Pax Romana, rise of
    Christianity, decline into Dark Ages)
  • Latin America Maya, Aztec, Inca Empires (rigid
    social structure, polytheistic, advances in
    architecture, calendar)
  • India Mughal Empire (Akbar the Great practiced
    religious toleration between Muslims and Hindus

35
Organizations and Groups
  • European Union a growing group made up of both
    Western and Eastern nations. Its goal is to
    expand free trade by ending tariffs. Uses common
    currency called the euro.
  • PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization, led by
    Yasir Arafat) Its goal it to create an
    independent state of Palestine. (in conflict with
    Israeli Jews)

36
  • OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting
    Countries) Its goal is to control the oil
    industry by setting production levels and prices.
  • United Nations (UN) Its goals are to promote
    global peace and encourage economic and social
    well-being.

37
  • NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization a
    military alliance between democratic nations
    after WWII
  • WARSAW PACT a counter military alliance made up
    of the Soviet Union and its satellite nations
    (communist)
  • NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement its
    goal is to promote trade free of tariffs (has
    pros and cons)

38
  • Nationalism devotion to ones country,
    especially to be independent and free from
    foreign control(hook up with self-determination /
    independence movements)
  • Groups seeking independence
  • Chechyns in Russia
  • Tibetans in China
  • Palestinians in Palestine
  • Kurds in Iraq
  • Albanians in Kosovo

39
  • IMPERIALISM taking over territory for raw
    materials, markets, power and prestige
  • NEGATIVE treated natives as inferior, exploited
    natural resources, forced labor
  • POSITIVE brought technology, medicine and
    infrastructure
  • AFRICA 1880s, disregarded boundaries and
    traditions, White Mans Burden, Scramble for
    colonies (MauMau Uprising)

40
  • CHINA spheres of influence (Boxer Rebellion)
  • INDIA British rule (Gandhis civil disobedience)

41
Conflicts
  • Cold War Berlin Blockade, Berlin Wall, Bay of
    Pigs (Cuba), Cuban Missile Crisis, Korean War,
    Vietnam War
  • Israelis and Palestinians conflict over Holy
    Land. Israelis believe God gave the land to them
    and Palestinians say they were living there.
    Palestinians fled to neighboring nations after
    the creation of Israel. Four wars - Israel wins
    all. Palestinians have limited self-rule in Gaza
    Strip and West Bank and want statehood.
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