Phylogeny

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• Phylogeny
• Systematics Hypothesis
• Cladistics
• Derived character
• Cladogram
• Dichotomous Key

• Order
• Family
• Genus
• Species
• Common name
• Scientific
• name
• Binomial
• nomenclature

• Classification
• Taxonomy
• Aristotle
• Linnaeus
• Kingdom
• Phylum
• Class

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Diversity of Life

• There are over 2.5 million identified species
• Some biologists believe there may be 20 million
  more that have not been discovered
• How can you possibly keep track of all of these?

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Why do we need to classify?

• Imagine a store..how do you know where to find
  the milk or the cereal? Are they in the same
  aisle? How is the store organized? Are all
  stores similar?
• Imagine your computer or mp3 player..are all of
  your songs and files in a single folder or do you
  have them grouped in some way?

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When you have a lot of information, it is best to
organize and group items so that you can find
them easier or easily see their relationship to
other items .this is why we CLASSIFY
Even websites must  organize their products
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Linnaeus to the Rescue!

• Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, developed a system
  for naming organisms
• Binomial Nomenclature is a system that gives each
  organism a two part scientific name
• For Example Red Maple Acer rubrum
• Example Felis concolor or F. concolor
• Which is the genus? The species?

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Classifying Organisms

• Once Linnaeus had come up with a system for
  naming organisms he started to group them
• Organisms were put into groups based on similar
  characteristics
• These groups are called Taxa and the science of
  naming and grouping is called Taxonomy
• Classification the grouping of information or
  objects based on similarities.

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7 Layer Classification System

• Taxonomy uses a system of 7 levels of taxa
• The organisms in each Taxon become more closely
  related as you move down the ladder
• The Taxons in order of most general to most
  specific are Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order,
  Family, Genus Species

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Grizzly bear
Black bear
Giant panda
Red fox
Abert squirrel
Coral snake
Sea star
KINGDOM Animalia
PHYLUM Chordata
CLASS Mammalia
ORDER Carnivora
FAMILY Ursidae
GENUS Ursus
SPECIES Ursus arctos
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Kingdoms are divided into groups called
phyla Phyla are subdivided into
classes Classes are subdivided into
orders Orders are subdivided into
families Families are divided
into genera Genera contain
closely related species Species is unique

Categories within Kingdoms
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Understand how to identify which species are more
closely related.
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Humans
The scientific name is always the genus
species Humans Homo sapiens
Photo by atomicshark
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• We only know about a fraction of the
• organisms that exist or have existed on Earth.
• Taxonomists give a unique scientific name to
• each species they know about whether its
  alive
• today or extinct.
• The scientific name comes from one of two
• dead languages Latin or ancient Greek.

Why use a dead language?
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Photo Credits Sea Lion Bill Lim Ant Lion
AmphioxusLion law_keven
Sea Lion? Antlion? Lion?
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Which one of these is NOT actually a bear?
Photo Credits Panda Chi King Koala
Belgianchocolate Black Bear SparkyLeigh
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Devil Cat
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Ghost Cat
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Mountain Lion
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Screaming Cat
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Puma
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Florida Panther
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Cougar
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• There are at least 50 common names for
• the animal shown on the previous 7 slides.
• Common names vary according to region.
• Soooothis is why we use a scientific name?

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Phylogeny, the evolutionary history of an
organism, is the cornerstone of a branch of
biology called systematic taxonomy. Biologists
classify organisms by grouping them according to
evolutionary descent, not physical
characteristics. Systematics, as systematic
taxonomy is commonly called, is the study of the
evolution of biological diversity.
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A phylogenetic tree is a family tree that shows a
hypothesis about the evolutionary relationships
thought to exist among groups of organisms. It
does not show the actual evolutionary history of
organisms. Why a hypothesis?
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Phylogenetic trees are usually based on a
combination of these lines of evidence    
Fossil record     Morphology    
Embryological patterns of development    
Chromosomes and DNA
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Cladograms

• Uses derived characteristics to show evolutionary
  relationships among a group of organisms

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Cladistics - is a relatively new system of
phylogenetics classification that uses shared
derived characters to establish evolutionary
relationships. Derived Characters
Characteristics that appear more recently in a
group but are not seen in older organisms
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1. Has green colored body ......go to 2 Has
purple colored body ..... go to 4 2. Has 4 legs
.....go to 3 Has 8 legs .......... Deerus
octagis 3. Has a tail ........ Deerus pestis
Does not have a tail ..... Deerus magnus 4. Has
a pointy hump ...... Deerus humpisDoes not have
a pointy hump.....go to 5 5. Has ears
.........Deerus purplinis Does not have ears
......Deerus deafus
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Check for Understanding

• 1.  Fill in the blanks   Kingdom, 
  _____________,  Class, Order,  ________________, 
  Genus,  _______________
• 2.  Which two groups are used for an organism's
  scientific name? 
• 3.  Which of the following pairs is MOST closely
  related?
•  
•             Acer rubrum    Acer  saccharum
•             Acer rubrum    Chenopodium rubrum
•  
• 4. The system we use for naming is called 
  ____________ nomenclature.
• 5.  The science of classification is called
  ________________

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Check for Understanding

• 6. A diagram that shows an evolutionary
  relationship is a ________________________
• 7. A characteristic that appears only in recent
  members is called a ________________ character
• 8. The study of evolutionary relationships is
  called __________________________
• 9. A system to find the name of an unknown
  organism is a _______________________ key

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3 Domain System
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The Three Domains

• Domain Archaea
• Includes newly discovered cell types
• Contains 1 kingdom the Archaebacteria

• Domain Bacteria
• Includes other members of old kingdom Monera
• Has 1 kingdom the Eubacteria

• Domain Eukarya
• Includes all kingdoms composed of organisms made
• up of eukaryotic cells
• Protista
• Fungi
• Animalia
• Plantae

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The Kingdoms

• There are currently 6 kingdoms all organisms
  can be placed into one of those 6.
• Classification into a kingdom is based on certain
  criteria
• Number of cells
• How it obtains energy
• Type of cell

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Kingdom Animalia
Photo by Tambako the Jaguar

• Multicellular
• Heterotrophic (must consume food)
• Eukaryotic (cells have a nucleus)
• Examples birds, insects, worms, mammals,
  reptiles, humans

Photo by Eduardo Amorim
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Kingdom Plantae

• Multicellular
• Autotrophic (can make own food photosynthesis)
• Eukaryotic (cells have nucleus)

Photo by hira3
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Kingdom Fungae

• Multicellular (most)
• Heterotrophic (mainly decomposers)
• Eukaryotic

Photos by nutmeg66
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Kingdom Protista

• Most are unicellular
• Can be hetertrophic or autotrophic
• Eukaryotes (all have nucleus)
• Examples Ameba, paramecium, euglena, algae
• Most live in water

Photo of Ameba by PROYECTO AGUA / WATER
PROJECT
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Kingdom Eubacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria

• Unicellular
• Can be autotrophic or heterotrophic
• Prokaryotes (do not have a nucleus)

Eubacteria common bacteria (E. coli,
Salmonella) Archaebacteria ancient bacteria,
exist in extreme environments
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Kingdoms and Domains
Classification of Living Things
DOMAIN KINGDOM CELL TYPE CELL
STRUCTURES NUMBER OF CELLS MODE OF
NUTRITION EXAMPLES
Bacteria Eubacteria Prokaryote Cell walls with
peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Streptococcus, Escherichia coli
Archaea Archaebacteria Prokaryote Cell walls
without peptidoglycan Unicellular Autotroph
or heterotroph Methanogens, halophiles
Protista Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose in
some some have chloroplasts Most unicellular
some colonial some multicellular Autotroph or
heterotroph Amoeba, Paramecium, slime molds,
giant kelp
Fungi Eukaryote Cell walls of
chitin Most multicellular some
unicellular Heterotroph Mushrooms, yeasts
Plantae Eukaryote Cell walls of cellulose
chloroplasts Multicellular Autotroph Mos
ses, ferns, flowering plants
Animalia Eukaryote No cell walls or
chloroplasts Multicellular Heterotroph
Sponges, worms, insects, fishes, mammals
Eukarya
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DOMAIN ARCHAEA
Kingdoms
DOMAIN EUKARYA
Eubacteria Archaebacteria Protista Plantae Fungi A
nimalia
DOMAIN BACTERIA
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Eukaryotic Cell
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Prokaryotic Cell
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Endosymbiotic Theory
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Autotrophs capture the light energy from
sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they
use for food.

• Heterotrophs must get energy by eating
• autotrophs or other heterotrophs.
• Decomposers, aka saprobes, are heterotrophs
• that recycle dead organisms by breaking them
• down.