Biotechnology

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Biotechnology

• Introduction
• Tools
• Process
• Applications

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Biotechnology

• Introduction basic idea
• Gene is identified and excised from one organism
• Gene is placed in vector (plasmid) and amplified
• Gene is transferred to new organism or used in
  host organism to make protein product

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Biotechnology - Tools

• Restriction endonucleases
• Nucleases cut nucleic acid at first seem non
  specific
• Linn Abner discover that some strains of
  bacteria are able to resist bacteriophage
  infection by digesting infecting DNA
• Different bacteria produce different restriction
  enzymes

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Biotechnology - Tools

• Restriction Endonucleases
• Cut at specific 4, 6, or 8 base sites
• Site is a palindrome
• Racecar
• Madam Im Adam
• Damit Im Mad
• Some restriction enzymes generate sticky ends

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Biotechnology - Tools
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Biotechnology - Tools

• Plasmids
• Carry an antibiotic resistance marker
• Carry restriction sites in convenient locations
  to insert DNA
• Carry characteristics that allow the plasmid to
  reproduce in several organisms

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Biotechnology - Tools
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Biotechnology - Tools

• Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
• Allows any segment of DNA to be amplified
  chemically in minutes
• Uses a thermostable DNA polymerase
• Machine can cycle every 60-90 seconds

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Biotechnology - Tools
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Biotechnology - Tools

• Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
• Can separate DNA fragments made with restriction
  enzymes
• Can separate PCR made DNA
• Can be used to sequence DNA

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Biotechnology - Tools
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Biotechnology - Process

• Basic process worked out by Cohen Boyer
• Cut plasmid DNA and target DNA with same
  restriction enzyme
• Mix DNA and allow sticky ends to match up
• Select DNA clones having target gene

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Biotechnology - Tools
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