The Industrial Revolution

1
The Industrial Revolution

• Mr. Bolanos

The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped
making stuff at home and started making stuff in
factories!
2

• Standard WHII.9 The student will demonstrate
  knowledge of the effects of the Industrial
  Revolution during the 19th century by
• citing scientific, technological, and industrial
  developments and explaining how they brought
  about urbanization and social and environmental
  changes
• explaining the emergence of capitalism as a
  dominant economic pattern, and the subsequent
  development of socialism and communism
• describing the evolution of the nature of work
  and the labor force, including its effects on
  families, the status of women and children, the
  slave trade, and the labor union movement

3

• The Industrial Revolution was a period from the
  18th to the 19th century where major changes in
  agriculture, manufacturing, mining,
  transportation, and technology had a profound
  effect on the socioeconomic and cultural
  conditions of the times
• Industrialization a shift from an agricultural
  (farming) economy to one based on industry
  (manufacturing)

4
Key Terms

• Industrialization a shift from an agricultural
  economy (farming) to one based on industry
  (manufacturing)
• Manufacturing the use of machines, tools, and
  labor to make things for use or sale
• Rural farming or country life villages
  (sparsely populated)
• Urban city life (densely populated)
• Urbanization the movement of people to cities
• Tenement a substandard, multi-family dwelling
  usually old and occupied by the poor
• Free market a market in which there is no
  economic intervention and regulation by the state
  (govt)
• Capitalism private ownership of means of
  production
• Socialism society (not the individual) owns and
  operates the means of production

5

Turning Points in History Industrial Revolution

• Introduction
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v3Efq-aNBkvc (331)

6
Preview Reading Questions

• As a quick preview to the Industrial Revolution,
  read each passage and answer the questions that
  follow
• Overview Topics
• What is a Revolution?
• What Caused the American Industrial Revolution?
• Horrors of the Workplace
• The Beginning of Child Labor
• Working Conditions
• Life in the City
• The Assembly Line

7
Pre-Industrial Revolution

• Village life dominated families were nearly
  self-sufficient
• Most villagers were farmers

8
Making Cloth Before Machines

• Cottage Industry
• Slow process
• labor intensive
• Business involving people who worked at home

9
Causes of the Industrial Revolution

• Agricultural Revolution improved the quality
  and quantity of food
• Farmers mixed different kinds of soil or tried
  new crop rotation to get higher yields
• This led to a surplus of food fewer people died
  from hunger rapid growth in population
• Rich landowners pushed ahead with enclosure the
  process of taking over and consolidating land
  once shared by peasant farmers (farm output and
  profits rose)
• New technologies and new sources of energy and
  materials (e.g., James Watts steam engine became
  a key source of power)

10
The Enclosure Movement

• The process of taking over and consolidating land
  formerly shared by peasant farmers
• Landowners gained
• More land for pastures
• Larger fields for crops
• Laborers lost
• Forced off their lands
• Moved to growing cities

11
Enclosure One thing Led to Another

• Farmers gained pasture land for animals
• Raised more sheep
• Wool output increased
• Larger fields
• Able to cultivate product more efficiently
• Farm out-put increased
• Profits rose

12
Land Enclosure in England
13
Push FactorsWhere did all the people go?

• Fewer worker needed on the lands
• Farmers forced off their lands
• Small owners could not compete
• Villages shrank
• Cities grew and GREW!!

Over London by Rail Gustave Doré c. 1870. Shows
the densely populated and polluted environments
created in the new industrial cities
14
Rapid Population Growth
Population of Britain in 1750 6 million
Population of Britain in 1851 21 million
Population of London in 1750 500,000
Population of London in 1851 3 million
Families in agriculture in 1750 65 of population
Families in agriculture in 1851 25 of population
15
Migration to Cities
16
Industrial Revolution Begins In Great Britain

• Stable Government
• No wars
• Had capital (money) to invest in businesses
• Had overseas markets (colonial empire)
• Natural Resources
• Coal (energy for machines)
• Iron ore (for tools)
• Large network of rivers to move products
• Labor Supply
• Growing population
• Ready workforce
• New Technology
• Invention and improvement of steam engine

17
Industrial Revolution Spreads to Europe and the
United States
18
Industrial Revolution Begins in Britain

• New Ways of Working
• Industrial Revolutiongreatly increases output of
  machine-made goods.
• Revolution begins in England in the middle 1700s.

19
Inventions Spur Industrialization

• Factoriesbuildings that contain machinery for
  manufacturing

20
Growth of Industry

• Growth of factories
• As demand for cloth grew, inventors came up with
  new machines (e.g., flying shuttle, spinning
  jenny)
• To house these new machines, manufacturers built
  the first factories
• New machines and factories increased production
• By the 1850s, factories began to be powered by
  coal and steam engines

21
Technological Advances that Produced the
Industrial Revolution

• Spinning Jenny James Hargreaves
• Steam Engine James Watt
• Cotton Gin Eli Whitney
• Process for making Steel Henry Bessemer

22
Spinning Jenny 1764

• Invented by James Hargreaves
• At the time, cotton production could not keep up
  with demand
• This machine spun many threads at the same time,
  thus reducing the amount of work needed to
  produce yarn (increased productivity produced
  yarn quickly)

23
First Major Industry to Form

• TEXTILE!
• The demand for cloth grew, so merchants had to
  compete with others for the supplies to make it.
  This raised a problem for the consumer because
  the products were at a higher cost. The solution
  was to use machinery, which was cheaper then
  products made by hand (which took a long time to
  create), therefore allowing the cloth to be
  cheaper to the consumer.
• Remember the Spinning Jenny? It
  reduced the amount of time and work
  needed to produce yarn (increased
  productivity)

24
Textile Factory Workers in England
1813 2400 looms 150, 000 workers
1833 85, 000 looms 200, 000 workers
1850 224, 000 looms gt1 million workers
25
Modern Steam Engine 1763-1775

• Improved by James Watt
• Offered a dramatic
  increase in fuel
  efficiency
• Could be used to
  drive many different
  types of machinery
  (by the 1850s, most
  factories were powered by the steam
  engine)
• Increased the demand for coal to heat the water
  to produce steam (and the need for coal miners)

26
Improvements in Transportation

• Watts Steam Engine
• Need for cheap, convenient power spurs
  development of steam engine
• James Watt improves steam engine, financed by
  Matthew Boulton
• Boultonan entrepreneurorganizes, manages, takes
  business risks.

Matthew Boulton
James Watt
27
Steam engine designed by Boulton  Watt.
Engraving of a 1784 engine.
Reproduction of James Watt's steam engine
28
Cotton Gin 1793

• Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning
  of cotton
• A machine that quickly and easily separates the
  cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously
  done by hand
• Led to the demand for
  more slaves

29
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30
(Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of
Steel 1856

• Bessemer process involved using oxygen in air
  blown through molten pig iron to burn off the
  impurities and thus create steel
• Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to
  steel being widely substituted for cast iron
• Steel used for the production of guns and railway
  structures such as bridges and tracks

31
Technology

• The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid
  advances in technology
• Which of these three inventions most changed the
  way that raw materials, goods, and people moved?

32
Improvements in Transportation

• Water Transportation
• Robert Fulton builds first steamboat, the
  Clermont, in 1807
• Englands water transport improved by system of
  canals

33
Fultons North River Steamboat as it appeared in
1807, later named Clermont
34
Improvements in Transportation

• Road Transportation
• British roads are improved companies operate
  them as toll roads. These were called turnpike
  trusts.

The A4 is a historic major road in England,
portions of which are known as the Great West
Road and Bath Road.
35
Improvements in Transportation

• By the early Victorian period toll gates were
  perceived as an impediment to free trade. The
  multitude of small trusts were frequently charged
  with being inefficient in use of resources and
  potentially suffered from petty corruption.
• The railway era spelt disaster for most turnpike
  trusts.

The Round House (Old Toll House) at Stanton Drew
36
The Railway Age Begins

• Steam-Driven Locomotives
• In 1804, Richard Trevithick builds first
  steam-driven locomotive

37
Trevithick's No. 14 engine, built by Hazledine
and Co., Bridgnorth, about 1804, and illustrated
after being rescued circa 1885 from Scientific
American Supplement, Vol. XIX, No. 470, January
3, 1885.
38
The Coalbrookdale company then built a rail
locomotive for him, but little is known about it,
including whether or not it actually ran.
39
Trevithick's 1804 locomotive. This full-scale
replica of steam-powered railway locomotive is in
the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea
40
The Railway Age Begins

• In 1825, George Stephenson builds worlds first
  railroad line.
• He is called the Father of Railways.
• His rail gauge of 4 feet 8½ inches (1,435 mm),
  sometimes called "Stephenson gauge", is the
  world's standard gauge.

41
The Railway Age Begins

• Liverpool-Manchester Railroad
• Entrepreneurs build railroad from Liverpool to
  Manchester

42
The Railway Age Begins

• Stephensons Rocket acknowledged as the best
  locomotive (1829)

43
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44
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45
A cutaway view of the cylinder and steam valve of
the replica Rocket
46
Rocket replica
47
The Railway Age Begins

• Railroads Revolutionize Life in Britain
• Railroads spur industrial growth, create jobs
• Cheaper transportation boosts many industries
  people move to cities

48
The Impact of the Railroad

• Transportation innovation that most changed the
  way raw materials, goods, and people moved
• Railroads revolutionize life in Britain
• Spur industry by offering a cheap transportation
  method of goods
• Created hundreds of thousands of jobs (railroads,
  mining, factories, etc)
• Boosted agricultural and fishing industries who
  could now transport their goods to distant
  cities.
• People could seek employment further away from
  home

49
Factories and Factory Towns

• Where employees worked
• Major change from cottage industry
• Had to leave home to work (travel to cities)

• Working in a factory
• No safety codes dangerous work for all
• Poor factory conditions (e.g., no heat or a/c,
  dirty, smelly, cramped)
• Long workdays (12-14 hours)
• Little pay (men compete with women and children
  for wages)
• Child labor kept costs of production low and
  profits high
• Mind-numbing monotony (doing the same thing all
  day every day)
• Owners of mines and factories exercised control
  over lives of laborers

• Life in factory towns
• Towns grew up around factories and coal mines
• Pollution, poor sanitation, no health codes
  sickness
• Rapid population growth
• Poor lived in crowded tiny rooms in tenements
  (multistory buildings divided into apartments)

50
Conditions in Factories
Dangerous Machinery
Monotony
Dirty
Cramped spaces
51

• Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts
  died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling
  cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated
  rooms lit by oil lamps

52
Testimonials on Labor Conditions

• Testimony of William Cooper, a witness before the
  Sadler Commission in 1832

53
Child Labor

• Young children
• Long hours
• Poor treatment
• Dangerous conditions

54
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55
Children of the Industrial Revolution

• Video
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkfuUoINOU5Ifeature
  fvwrel (Music 600)
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?v7cK6Q4bdKfMfeature
  related (Documentary 958)
• Pictures
• http//www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/childlabo
  r/

56
Testimony from Child Labor in the Mines

• The Ashley Mines Investigation of 1842
• Children James Pearce (12), William Drury (10),
  and Patience Kershaw (17)
• Mine Manager Edward Potter
• Mine Owner William Newbould

57
Life in Factory Towns
Rapid Population Growth
Cramped Tenements
Poor Sanitation
Pollution
58
Housing

• Tenement a substandard,
  multi-family dwelling, usually old
  and occupied by the poor
• Built cheaply
• Multiple stories
• No running water
• No toilet
• Sewer down the middle of street
• Trash thrown out into street
• Crowded (5 people living in
  one room)
• Breeding grounds for diseases
• Pollution from factory smoke

59
Factories and Mass Production
The factory system changed the world of
work Mass Production the production of large
amounts of standardized products, especially on
assembly lines
60
Assembly Line

• Workers on an assembly line add parts to a
  product that moves along the belt from one work
  station to the next
• A different person performs each task along the
  assembly line
• This division of labor made production faster and
  cheaper, lowering the price of goods

61
First Assembly LineHenry Ford - Automobiles
62
Rise of Labor Unions

• Encouraged worker-organized strikes to demand
  increased wages and improved working conditions
• Lobbied for laws to improve the lives of workers,
  including women and children
• Wanted workers rights and collective bargaining
  between labor and management

63
The JungleUpton Sinclair

• Written in 1906 to point out the troubles of the
  working class and the corruption of the American
  meatpacking industry in the early 20th Century
• Depicts poverty, absence of social programs,
  unpleasant living and working conditions, and
  hopelessness prevalent among the working class,
  which is contrasted with the deeply-rooted
  corruption of those in power

64
The Jungle

• Jurgis Rudkus http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkHF_
  BWfSPik (246)
• Documentary http//www.youtube.com/watch?vM1aZbq
  jBF7Afeaturerelated (952)

65
The Jungle

• Your Job
• Read About Upton Sinclair, author of The Jungle
• Read The Jungle Plot Overview
• Read Brief Chapter Introduction for Chapter 3 of
  The Jungle
• Read Chapter 3 of The Jungle
• Read Extra Sinclairs The Jungle Turns 100
• On a separate sheet of paper, answer the
  Comprehension Questions

66
Legislation Resulting from The Jungle

• Meat Inspection Act of 1906 (sanitary standards)
• Pure Food and Drug Act (food and drug tests,
  labels on food products)

67
Extension Activity

• Your Job Pretend that you are one of the
  following people working in a factory during the
  Industrial Revolution
• 12-year old boy/girl
• Mother of four with no husband to support the
  family
• Immigrant father from Lithuania
• Research the living conditions and working
  conditions that you faced during the Industrial
  Revolution
• Write a 2-page journal entry depicting your
  struggles, fears, frustrations, and hopes for the
  future

68
Consider these issues when writing your journal
entry
Growth of cities and migration Living conditions no safety codes Working conditions unfair labor practices Class tensions the rise of the middle class

69
Large Gaps between Rich Poor
The HAVE-NOTS The Poor, The Over-Worked, and
the Destitute

• The HAVES
• Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the
  Industrial Revolution

70
Upstairs/Downstairs Life
71
New Ways of ThinkingEconomic PatternsCapitalis
m vs. Socialism
72
How Do You Solve the Problems of
Industrialization?

• Standard 10.3.6 Analyze the emergence of
  Capitalism as a dominant economic pattern and the
  responses to it including Utopianism, Social
  Democracy, Socialism, Communism

73
Sec. 4 Philosophers of Industrialization

• Capitalism- an economic system in which the
  factors of production are privately owned and
  money is invested in business ventures to make a
  profit.
• Laissez faire- the economic policy of letting
  owners of industry and business set working
  conditions without interference
• Economics- the study of how society chooses to
  use scarce resources to satisfy its unlimited
  wants and needs

74
Adam Smith- The Wealth of Nations

• 3 natural laws
• Self-interest
• Competition
• Supply and demand
• Government should stay out of business!

75
Thomas Malthus- An Essay on the Principle of
Population (1798)

• What are these 2 charts telling us
• about the relationship between population and
  resources?
• 2. What is the consequence of this relationship?

76
Laissez faire philosophers(what are the effects
of population growth?)

• David Ricardo- Principles of Political Economy
  and Taxation
• If there were more workers than jobs available
  what would be the result?
• If there were more jobs than workers what would
  be the result?

Conclusion Wages would go lower as a population
increased
77
Laissez fair philosophers believe

1. That government should resist the idea of helping
   poor workers
2. Passing laws would upset the free market system
   and result in less wealth!

78
Utilitarianism- the government should try to
promote the greatest good for the greatest number
of people
John Stuart Mill Reforms in education, Law and
prisons
Jeremy Bentham
79
Utopian Ideas- Robert Owen
New Lanark, Scotland
New Harmony, Indiana
80
Socialism the factors of production (land,
labor, capital) are owned by the public.

• Government should plan the economy
• and consequently control factories mines,
  railroads, etc.
• Public ownership would promote
• equality and end poverty.

81
Karl Marx The Communist
Manifesto
Workers of the World Unite!
Zedong
Castro
Lenin
82
Communist Manifesto

• Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat
• (Employers) vs. (Workers)
• Prediction the proletariat would revolt and take
  over the factories.
• In Communism, all means of production (land,
  mines, factories, businesses, etc.) would be
  owned by the people. No private property and all
  resources are shared equally!
• Consequently, poverty disappears.
• dictatorship of the proletariat

83
Marx was wrong (on a few things!)

1. Economic forces do not completely dominate
   society. Religion, Nationalism, Democracy are
   strong forces as well.
2. Wages and the standard of living has increased.
3. Legislation passed to protect workers.

84
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85
Communism continued

1. What is the difference between capitalism and
   communism?
2. Describe how Karl Marx was wrong in his
   predictions. (page 304)
3. Which nations are communist today?(p.304)

86
Capitalism

• Economic system in which the means of production
  are privately owned and operated for a private
  profit
• Free-market economy decisions regarding supply,
  demand, price, distribution, and investments are
  made by private actors
• Profit goes to owners who invest in the business
• Wages are paid to workers employed by companies
  and businesses

87
Stereotype of the Factory Owner
88
The Socialists Utopians Marxists

• People as a society would operate and own
  themeans of production, not individuals
• Their goal was a society that benefited
  everyone, not just a rich, well-connected few
• Tried to build perfect communities utopias

89
Karl Marx Communism

• Wrote The Communist Manifesto, 1848
• A response to the injustices of capitalism
  argued that capitalism would produce internal
  tensions which would lead to its destruction
• Communism a political philosophy that aims for
  a classless and stateless society structured upon
  common ownership of the means of production and
  an end to private property
• Class struggle between employers and employees
  is inevitable. Instead of capitalism with its
  emphasis on greediness and selfishness, the new
  society ruled by the proletariat (working class)
  will ensure social, economic, and political
  equality for everyone.

90
Capitalism vs. Communism

• Capitalism
• an economic and social system in which capital
  
  
• is privately owned
• labor, goods and capital are traded in markets
  and
• profits distributed to owners or invested in
  technologies and industries.
• Communism
• a social structure in which classes are abolished
  
• property is commonly controlled
• A dictatorship of the workers

• Capitalism Re-Definitions
• Communism Re-Definitions

91
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
92
How did industrialization change the way of life?
Large gaps between the rich and the poor
Changes brought by industrialization
Size ?
Class Tensions
Cities
Working Conditions
Factories
The rise of the middle class
Living Conditions
No safety codes
Sickness
Long hours, Little pay
Dangerous conditions
93
Positive Effects

• Increased world productivity
• Growth of railroads (faster and more efficient
  transportation of goods and people)
• New entrepreneurs emerged (more money more
  technology/inventions)
• New inventions improved quality of life for many
• Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve
  working conditions
• Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety
  codes in cities and factories
• New opportunities for women
• Rise of the middle class size, power, and
  wealth expanded
• Social structure becomes more flexible

94
Negative Effects Factory Life

• Child labor used in factories mines
• Miserable (dirty, cramped) and dangerous
  (fingers, limbs, lives lost) working conditions
• Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive
  machinery
• Long working hours six days a week, with little
  pay
• Rigid schedules ruled each day
• Gas, candle oil lamps created soot and smoke in
  factories
• Diseases such as pneumonia tuberculosis spread
  through factories

95
Negative Effects Labor Practices Housing Issues

• Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes
  violent)
• Strikes take place
• Women were paid less than men (were actually
  preferred)
• Indentured workers
• Employers had a more impersonal relationship with
  employees
• Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded,
  and cold
• Human and industrial waste contaminated water
  supplies typhoid and cholera spread

96
Negative Effects Worldwide

• Air pollution increased over cities and
  industrial areas
• Technological changes eroded the balance of power
  in Europe
• Contributed to the growth of imperialism and
  communism (Marxs Engels theories)
• Produced weaponry that gave Western nations a
  military advantage over developing nations

97
Not Necessarily Good or Bad

• The location of work places changed as more goods
  were produced away from the home environment
  (towns/factories)
• Educational systems emphasized more science,
  technology, and business
• A global economy began to emerge (trade)

98
Individual Assignment

• Select two effects of the Industrial Revolution
  that you believe were the most significant (ONE
  positive effect and ONE negative effect)
• Write 3-4 paragraphs answering the following
  questions
• How did the nature of work and the labor force
  evolve from pre-Industrial times through the
  Industrial Revolution?
• What were the two most significant effects of the
  Industrial Revolution and why?

99
Directions Complete the Causes Effects of
the Industrial Revolution Graphic Organizer,
identifying at least 3 causes and 3 effects

• Causes
• _____________________________
• _____________________________
• _____________________________
• _____________________________

• Effects
• __________________________________________________
  ____
• __________________________________________________
  ____
• __________________________________________________
  ____
• __________________________________________________
  ____

? ? ? ?
The Industrial Revolution
100
Summary Social Effects

• Increase in population of cities
• Women and children enter the workplace as cheap
  labor
• Rise of labor unions
• Introduction of reforms
• Laws to protect children in the workplace
• Minimum wage and maximum hour laws
• Federal safety and health standards
• Growth of the middle class
• Increased production and higher demand for raw
  materials growth of worldwide trade
• Expansion of education
• Womens increased demands for suffrage

101
Advantages of the Industrial Revolution

• Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply
• There were greater job opportunities
• There was an increase in wealth and in general
  quality of life
• An independent urban manufacturing business force
  arose
• New inventions and innovations occurred
  information spread, making the world smaller
• Spurred the rise of large cities