Anemia%20

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Erythrocyte Disorders

• Anemia blood has abnormally low oxygen-carrying
  capacity
• It is a symptom rather than a disease itself
• Blood oxygen levels cannot support normal
  metabolism
• Signs/symptoms include fatigue, paleness,
  shortness of breath, and chills

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Anemia Insufficient Erythrocytes

• Hemorrhagic anemia result of acute or chronic
  loss of blood
• Hemolytic anemia prematurely ruptured RBCs due
  to overactive spleen or infection
• Aplastic anemia destruction or inhibition of
  red bone marrow

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Anemia Decreased Hemoglobin Content

• Iron-deficiency anemia results from
• Inadequate intake of iron-containing foods
• Megaloblastic Anemia
• RBCs are abnormally large
• Usually results from lack of folic acid or
  vitamin B12

• Pernicious anemia results from
• Deficiency of vitamin B12
• Lack of intrinsic factor needed for absorption of
  B12
• Intrinsic factor is a gastric juice secretion
• Treatment is
• intramuscular injection of B12
• application of Nascobal

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Anemia Abnormal Hemoglobin

• Thalassemias absent or faulty globin chain in
  Hb
• RBCs are thin, delicate, and deficient in Hb
• Sickle-cell anemia results from a defective
  gene coding for an abnormal Hb called hemoglobin
  S (HbS)
• HbS has a single amino acid substitution in the
  beta chain
• This defect causes RBCs to become sickle-shaped
  in low oxygen situations

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Myelodysplastic Syndrome

• Used to be called pre-leukemia
• Group of bone marrow disorders characterized by
• Insufficient production of one or more types of
  blood cells
• Due to dysfunction of bone marrow

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Leukocytes Disorders Leukemias

• Leukemia refers to cancerous conditions involving
  WBCs
• Leukemias are named according to the abnormal
  WBCs involved
• Myelocytic leukemia involves red marrow
• Lymphocytic leukemia involves lymphocytes

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Leukemia

• Immature WBCs are found in the bloodstream in all
  leukemias
• Bone marrow becomes totally occupied with
  cancerous leukocytes
• The WBCs produced, though numerous, are not
  functional
• Death is caused by internal hemorrhage and
  overwhelming infections
• Treatments include irradiation, antileukemic
  drugs, and bone marrow transplants

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Hemostasis Disorders Bleeding Disorders

• Inability to synthesize procoagulants by the
  liver results in severe bleeding disorders
• Causes can range from vitamin K deficiency to
  hepatitis and cirrhosis
• Inability to absorb fat can lead to vitamin K
  deficiencies as it is a fat-soluble substance and
  is absorbed along with fat
• Liver disease can also prevent the liver from
  producing bile, which is required for fat and
  vitamin K absorption

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Hemostasis Disorders Bleeding Disorders

• Hemophilias hereditary bleeding disorders
  caused by lack of clotting factors
• Hemophilia A most common type (83 of all
  cases) due to a deficiency of factor VIII
• Hemophilia B due to a deficiency of factor IX
• Hemophilia C mild type, due to a deficiency of
  factor XI

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Hemostasis Disorders Bleeding Disorders

• Symptoms and signs include prolonged bleeding and
  painful and disabled joints
• Treatment is with blood transfusions and the
  injection of missing factors

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Synovitis due to hemophilia
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Hemostasis Disorders

• Von Willebrand Disease shortage of von
  Willebrand factor?plasma component that helps
  platelets stick to damaged tissue carries
  clotting factor VIII.
• Hereditary
• Easy bruising
• Decreased adherence to vascular injury
• Inadequate patelet plug lengthens bleeding time

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Hemostasis Disorders Bleeding Disorders

• Thrombocytopenia condition where the number of
  circulating platelets is deficient
• Patients show petechiae (red/purple dots on skin)
  due to spontaneous, widespread hemorrhage
• Caused by suppression or destruction of bone
  marrow (e.g., malignancy, radiation)
• Can also be drug induced
• Treated with whole blood transfusions

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Hemostasis Disorders

• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
  widespread clotting in intact (uninjured) blood
  vessels
• Left over blood cannot clot
• Blockage of blood flow and severe bleeding
  follows
• Most common as
• A complication of pregnancy
• A result of septicemia or incompatible blood
  transfusions

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Hemostasis DisordersThromboembolytic Conditions

• Thrombus a clot that develops and persists in
  an unbroken blood vessel
• Thrombi can block circulation, resulting in
  tissue death

• Coronary thrombosis thrombus in blood vessel of
  the heart
• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)thrombus attached to
  wall of deep vein.
• Thrombotic Occlusion blocking of artery by
  thrombus

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Hemostasis DisordersThromboembolytic Conditions

• Embolus a thrombus or foreign object freely
  floating in the blood stream
• Pulmonary emboli can impair the ability of the
  body to obtain oxygen
• Cerebral emboli can cause strokes

• Embolismblockage caused by embolus
• Air or fat or blood clot

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Prevention of Undesirable Clots

• Substances used to prevent undesirable clots
• Aspirin an antiprostaglandin that inhibits
  thromboxane A2
• Heparin an anticoagulant used clinically for
  pre- and postoperative cardiac care also found
  naturally in the body
• Warfarin (Coumadin) used for those prone to
  atrial fibrillation

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Blood Disorders

• Blood dyscrasia any pathologic condition of
  cellular elements of the blood
• Hemochromatosis (Iron overload disease)
• genetic disorder
• Instestines absorbs too much iron
• Causes damage in organs where iron is accumulated

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Blood Disorders

• Polycythemia abnormal increase in number of
  RBCs red bone marrow excessively producing RBCs
• Polycythemia vera condition developed in people
  living in high altitudes
• Leukocytosis WBC count is higher than normal.
  (gt10,000 microliters)
• Usually due to bacterial infection
• Leukopenia total number of leukocytes is less
  than normal (lt5,000 mcL)

• Septicemia Blood poisoning
• Systemic condition caused by spread of
  microorganisms and their toxins via circulating
  blood
• Thrombocytosis abnormal increase in number of
  platelets in circulating blood
• Hemorrhage loss of a large amount of blood in a
  short time
• Transfusion Reaction complication of blood
  transfusion in which blood of patient and donor
  does not match
• Coagulation occurs

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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)

• Hemolytic disease of the newborn Rh antibodies
  of a sensitized Rh mother cross the placenta and
  attack and destroy the RBCs of an Rh baby
• Rh mother becomes sensitized when exposure to
  Rh blood causes her body to synthesize Rh
  antibodies

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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn

• The drug RhoGAM can prevent the Rh mother from
  becoming sensitized
• Treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn
  involves pre-birth transfusions and exchange
  transfusions after birth