The Enlightenment

1
The Enlightenment

• Time Period 1720 - 1790
• Definition Evolved from ideas of the
  Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution

2
Government and Economics

• John Locke
• Thomas Hobbes
• Adam Smith
• Karl Marx

3
John Locke

• Book Two Treaties of Government
• Favored Self-government.
• Life, liberty, property.
• Citizens have the right to overthrow its
  government.
• Thomas Jefferson used his works to develop the
  Declaration of Independence.

4
Thomas Hobbes

• Book Leviathan
• Absolute monarchy is the best government because
  without strong government chaos would occur.
• Citizens dont have the right to rebel against
  government.

5
Adam Smith

• Book The Wealth of Nations
• Three Laws of Economics 1. Self-Interest 2.
  Competition 3. Supply and Demand.
• Free Market Economy
• Laisse-Faire economics

6
Karl Marx

• Book Communist Manifesto
• Believed workers would revolts against owners.
• All profits would be shared bringing economic
  equality.
• Classless society.
• Socialism

7
Cast of Characters

• Voltaire
• Montesquieu
• Rousseau
• Diderot
• Madame Geoffrin

8
Voltaire

• Book Candide
• Most recognized figure of the Enlightenment
• Fought against prejudice, intolerance, and
  superstition (religion).

9
Baron de Montesquieu

• Book The Spirit of Laws
• Separation of Powers
• Checks and Balances
• Basis for United States Constitution

10
Jean Jacques Rousseau

• Book The Social Contract
• Strange (mentally ill) but gifted man
• People were good by nature, but govt. power
  makes them corrupt.
• The best government is one that is ruled by the
  consent of the people.

11
Encyclopedia

• Denis Diderot
• Compiled a set of books that leading scholars
  would contribute essays and articles.
• Topics included science, math, music, art,
  medicine, government, law, geography, etc.

12
Salons

• Large social gatherings in which the best poets,
  keenest wits, and most charming
  conversationalists would join together for
  refined conversations at a hostesses mansion.
• Madame Geoffrin was the most famous host.

13
Enlightened Despots

• Frederick the Great
• Catherine the Great
• Emperor Joseph II

14
Frederick the Great

• King of Prussia
• Reforms includedreligionreduced censorship
  improved education judicial system.
• First servant of the state
• Friend of Voltaire

15
Catherine the Great

• Ruled Russia
• Reforms included Religious abolished capital
  punishment education.
• Bought Diderots private library.
• Expanded Russias lands

16
Emperor Joseph II

• Leader of Austria
• Reforms included freedom of press legal
  reforms religion.
• Successor of Maria Theresea.

17
Baroque Classical Music

• Bach
• Handel
• Haydn
• Mozart
• Beethoven

18
Baroque Period

• Term means, odd
• Noted for drama and complexity
• Fugue and counterpoint are two musical techniques
  included in Baroque period

19
Johann Sebastian Bach

• 1685 - 1750
• German Lutheran
• Religious music for organs and choirs
• Sonatas for violins and harpsichords.
• Baroque Music

20
George Frederick Handel

• 1685 - 1759
• German / England
• Water Music Messiah most notable works
• Wrote 30 Operas
• Christmas and Easter music are identified with
  him.

21
Classical Period

• Began in the Mid 1700s
• Unity, clarity, and balance were characteristics
  of the period
• Symphony, concerto, and sonata came to dominate
  music at this time

22
Joseph Haydn

• Born in 1732
• From Austria
• Known as Father of the symphony
• Composed for Stringed Quartets

23
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

• From Austria
• Child prodigy that performed for royalty
• Marriage of Figaro Magic Flute are most
  notable pieces
• Died at 31 in 1791

24
Ludwig van Beethoven

• 1770 - 1827
• Born in Austria
• Identified as the most successful of the
  classical composers.
• Carried music into the Age of Romanticism