Maintaining Healthy Systems

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Maintaining Healthy Systems
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The 10 leading causes of death (WHO, 2008)
World Deaths in millions of deaths
Ischaemic heart disease 7.25 12.8
Stroke and other cerebrovascular disease 6.15 10.8
Lower respiratory infections 3.46 6.1
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 3.28 5.8
Diarrhoeal diseases 2.46 4.3
HIV/AIDS 1.78 3.1
Trachea, bronchus, lung cancers 1.39 2.4
Tuberculosis 1.34 2.4
Diabetes mellitus 1.26 2.2
Road traffic accidents 1.21 2.1
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Preventive Health Care

• The best way to stay healthy is to prevent
  disease in the first place.
• HOW?

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• Eat well.

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• Avoid unhealthy foods.

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• Exercise.

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• Make smart choices.

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• Prevent illnesses.

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How does your immune system work?

• 1 Your Skin
• Skin is a barrier to protect your body against
  pathogens.
• Pathogens are disease-causing agents (e.g.
  bacteria, viruses, fungi, etc.).
• Enzymes in tears, mucous, perspiration and saliva
  can destroy microbes.

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• 2 In the Respiratory System
• Mucous and cilia trap debris and pathogens.

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• 3. White blood cells
• White blood cells engulf microbes, then destroy
  them with enzymes.
• Some white blood cells produce pus at the site of
  an infection when they die.

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vJnlULOjUhSQ
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• 4. The Inflammatory Response
• Swelling, heat and redness due to increased blood
  flow to the infected area.
• Fever - increased temperature prevents bacteria
  from reproducing as fast.

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• 5. The Immune Response
• Pathogens have proteins on their surface called
  antigens.
• Some white blood cells make proteins called
  antibodies that attach to antigens to help
  destroy the pathogens.

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Allergies
Allergic reactions occur when your body
recognizes the antigens on allergens as
dangerous, and tries to fight them.
An overly sensitive immune system recognizes such
harmless substances as foreign invaders, and then
stimulates the production of antibodies to
destroy them. This in turn induces the release of
chemicals like histamine, which is responsible
for triggering the inflammatory response of the
body. The blood vessels are dilated during an
allergic reaction so that the white blood cells
can get access to the foreign invaders. Immune
cells recognize proteins on allergens as
dangerous (e.g. proteins on pollen).
Antibodies are produced. Histamine is
released by cells (causes capillaries to be more
permeable) so white blood cells squeeze into
extracellular fluid.
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vTTcL7u05aUU
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Histamine is an immune system mediator or, more
simply, a chemical messenger that helps direct
your body's response to a foreign invader.
Histamine tells your body's natural defense
mechanisms how to react to something it perceives
as foreign.
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A hypersensitive immune system recognizes such
harmless substances as foreign invaders, and then
stimulates the production of antibodies to
destroy them. This in turn induces the release of
chemicals like histamine, which is responsible
for triggering the inflammatory response of the
body. The blood vessels are dilated during an
allergic reaction so that the white blood cells
can get access to the foreign invaders.
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What are vaccines?

• antigen-containing substances obtained from
  weakened or dead microbes

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What are antibiotics?

• chemical agents that are toxic to bacteria

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• Colds and flu are caused by viruses, so
  antibiotics are useless against them.

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Organ Transplantation

• What organs and tissues can be donated?
• How many people in Ontario are waiting for organ
  transplants?
• How is living donation different from organ
  donation after cardiac death (DCD)?