Text Encoding Issues

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Text Encoding Issues

• The British Academic Written English
• (BAWE) project
• Corpus Linguistics
• University of Birmingham
• July 16th, 2005

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Assessed student writing
Which theoretical approach has best helped you
make sense of The Waste Land and why?
Case Study of the white-throated capuchin monkey
(Cebus capucinus)
Would you agree that subordination was inscribed
into the life of a domestic servant?
Explore the significance of the chat show genre
as contributor to the project of feminist
heterosexual politics
Information Systems Development
Critical Commentary p180, from "Le jour je
m'égarais..." to "le démon de mon coeur".
The expenditure of National Lottery funds on the
arts in Britain cannot be convincingly defended.
Discuss.
3
Assessed student writing
4
Text Encoding Issues

• General issues
• A first stage of BAWE mark-up
• Dimensions
• Interactive tagging
• Specific questions
• Text hierarchy
• Formulae

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A first stage of BAWE mark-up

• shift in document format DOC ? XML TEI standard
• formatting preserve information
• automatic vs. manual stepsof annotation

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Dimensions of mark-up

• Text hierarchy
• front, body, back
• sections
• paragraphs
• s-units

• Text flow
• highlighting
• lists
• figures
• tables
• formulae
• block quotes

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Interactive tagging

• Tagging by clicking
• graphical interface
• quick tagging
• reduce errors
• impose coherence

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Interactive tagging
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What goes into ltfrontgt vs. ltbodygt?

• Example of two first pages

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Encoding of example pages
Anthropology vs. English Studies assignment

• ltfrontgt
• lttitlePagegt
• ltdocTitlegt
• lttitlePart type"main"gtCase Study of the
  white-throated capuchin monkey (lthi
  rend"italic"gtCebus capucinuslt/higt)lt/titlePartgt
• lttitlePartgtxxxlt/titlePartgt
• lt/docTitlegt
• ltfigure id"BAWE_3016a-pic1"/gt
• lt/titlePagegt
• lt/frontgt
• ltbodygt

• ltfrontgt
• ltdocTitlegt
• lttitlePart type"main" rend"underline"gtDiscuss
  the handling of the discourses of religion and
  the effects of religious and ethical change in
  the Victorian periodlt/titlePartgt
• lt/docTitlegt
• lt/frontgt
• ltbodygt

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Formulae

• equations (and all kinds of variations of )
• chemical formulae
• arithmetic expressions
• logical expressions
• expressions following some other
  discipline-specific formalism (e.g. computer
  code, phonetic transcription etc.)
• a part ("term") of any of these (if non-NL)

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Insert empty ltformulagt tag

• anything that has been inserted with the MS
  formula editor (appears as a "field")
• any complex formal expression, i.e. that cannot
  be represented as a simple sequence of characters
  (e.g. fraction, square root)
• 0
• I(?s)
• Q
• any formal expression separated typographically
  from running text (new paragraph)

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Example

• ... The slope of the yield curve can be analysed
  by looking at the spread between the long-term
  and the one-period, short-term interest rate,
  denoted as Snt Rnt rt. If we manipulate
  equation 1, the yield spread, Snt, can be written
  as the expectation of a weighted average of
  future changes in short-term interest rates as
  follows
• Snt Et Snt
• Snt (1/n) (n-1)?rt1 (n-2)?rt2
  ?rt(n-1) 2

• ltpgtltsgt...lt/sgt ltsgtThe slope of the yield curve
  can be analysed by looking at the spread between
  the long-term and the one-period, short-term
  interest rate, denoted as Slthi rend"italic"gtlthi
  rend"sup"gtnlt/higtlthi rend"sub"gttlt/higtlt/higt
  Rlthi rend"italic"gtlthi rend"sup"gtnlt/higtlthi
  rend"sub"gttlt/higtlt/higt rlthi rend"italic"gtlthi
  rend"sub"gttlt/higtlt/higt.lt/sgt ltsgtIf we manipulate
  equation 1, the yield spread, Slthi
  rend"italic"gtlthi rend"sup"gtnlt/higtlthi
  rend"sub"gttlt/higtlt/higt, can be written as the
  expectation of a weighted average of future
  changes in short-term interest rates as
  followslt/sgtlt/pgt
• ltpgtltformula notation"" id"EC0001-form2"/gtlt/pgt

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Principles of mark-up

1. Keep the structure of the document as close to
   the original as possible
2. Mark up elements relevant to our research
3. Should be cost effective

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Text Encoding Issues

• Signe Oksefjell Ebeling
• sebeling_at_brookes.ac.uk
• Alois Heuboeck
• a.heuboeck_at_reading.ac.uk