Title: Introductory Chemistry, 2nd Edition Nivaldo Tro
1??? ???
2????????????????
3- ???????(Sour Patch Kid)?????????????????,????????(
citric acid)????(tartaric acid)????,???????? - ??????????,??????????H???????????????????????????
??????,??????????????,?????????
4- ??????????????
- ??????(James Bond)?????????,??????????????????????
- ??????????,????????????????????
- ?????????,??10 ????????
5???????
6????
- ??????
- ????????
- i.e. Al, Zn, Fe
- 2 Al 6 HCl 2 AlCl3 3 H2
- ?????????,??CO2
- ???????????
- CaCO3 2 HCl CaCl2 CO2 H2O
- ??????????
7?14.1 ??????
?? ??
??(hydrochloric acid, HCl) ????,????,????,???????
??(sulfuric acid, H2SO4) ????????,?????????,????
??(nitric acid, HNO3) ????????,?????????
??(acetic acid, HC2H3O2) ????????,?????,??????
??(carbonic acid, H2CO3) ???????????????????
???(hydrofluoric acid, HF) ????,???????
8????
- ???
- H??????????
- HCl, HF
- HCl????????,???,???????????????????????????
9????
- ???
- H????????
- H2SO4, HNO3
- ????????????????????????
- ??????????????,??????????????
10????
- ??(carboxylic acid)
- ?? -COOH ?
- HC2H3O2, H3C6H5O3
- ??? -COOH?? H ????
- ?????????
11???????
12????
- ??????
- ???????????????????????(alkaloids)???
- ??????????????,????
- ??,??(hemlock)?????????????(coniine)
- ?????????
- ?????????????????????
- ????????,????????????
- ???????,???,?????
- ???????????
13?14.2 ??????
?? ??
????(sodium hydroxide, NaOH) ????,???????
????(potassium hydroxid, KOH) ????,??,????
????(sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3) ?(ammonia, NH3) ???,??????,CO2??????,???????,??????
?????????,????(HCO3)???????(conjugate base)
(??14.4 ?)????????
14????
- ???????????OH??
- NaOH, Ca(OH)2
- NaOH????????Drano????????
- ??????CO32- ??
- CaCO3 NaHCO3
- ?????????H?????
- ?????
15????????
16????(Arrhenius)??
- ????????(??)H??
- HCl(aq) ? H(aq) Cl(aq)
- H?????????,?????,??????????? ??(hydronium
ion) - ??????H(aq)?H3O(aq)????,??????????
17- ???????,????????????,????????????????
- ????????
????? ??????
?????
18????(Arrhenius)??
- ????????(??)OH???
- NaOH(aq) ? Na(aq) OH(aq)
- ????????,???????????,???????????
- H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)
- ? ? ? ? ?
- HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? NaCl(aq) H2O(l)
19?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
- ?????????
- ???????????????OH,?NH3?????????
- ?????????????????
- ?????????????
- ??????H????
- ??H???????(????????)
- ????????????????????
20?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
- ???(H??)????(donor)?
- HCl????????,????????????????
- HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
- ???(H??)????(acceptor)?
- ??????(?NH3),?????OH??,??????????OH??
- NH3??????????,??????????????
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
21?????? (Brønsted-Lowery)??
- ??????????,?(?????)??(?????)??????
- HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
22????(Amphoteric Substances)
- ?????????????
- ????????????
- HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
23???????????
- ?????????????????(reversible reaction)
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
- NH4(aq) OH(aq) ? NH3(aq) H2O(l)
- ? ?
- (?????) (?????)
24?????(conjugate acidbase pair)
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
- ? ? ???
???
HA B ? A HB ? ?
??? ???
25??14.1 ????????????????????
- ???????,???????????????????????????
- H2SO4(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) HSO4(aq)
- HCO3(aq) H2O(l) ? H2CO3(aq) OH(aq)
? ? ??? ???
? ? ??? ???
26??????
27????(Neutralization)
- ???????,?????H(aq)??????OH(aq)??H2O(l)?
- ???????????????
- HCl(aq) KOH(aq) ? H2O(l) KCl(aq)
-
- ? ? ? ? ?
- ??????
- H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)
???????????????????????
28????????????
- ????????????????
- HCl(aq) NaHCO3(aq) ? H2O(l) CO2(g) NaCl(aq)
29????
- ???????????????????(???????)
- 2 HCl(aq) Mg(s) ? H2(g) MgCl2(aq)
- H2SO4(aq) Zn(s) ? H2(g) ZnSO4(aq)
- 2 HCl(aq) Fe(s) ? H2(g) FeCl2(aq)
- ???????????,?? ?
- ????????????????????
- 2 HCl(aq) K2O(s) ? H2O(l) 2 KCl(aq)
- 2 HBr(aq) MgO(s) ? H2O(l) MgBr2(aq)
30????
- ?????????????
- ???????
- 2 NaOH(aq) 2 Al(s) 6 H2O(l) ? 2 NaAl(OH)4(aq)
3 H2(g) - ???????????????
- ?????????????,??NaOH (????????????????)???????????
?
31???????????????
32??(Titration)
- ?????????????????
- ????????NaOH???????HCl
- ??????
- HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? H2O(l) NaCl(aq)
- ??????
- H(aq) OH(aq) ? H2O(l)
33- ??????????????NaOH
- ?OH???,??H??????????
- ???(equivalence point)
- ?????OH????????????????H????????,??????
- ?????????(indicator)????,?????????????????????
34- ??????????????,??????????
- ?NaOH?HCl?????????(1 mol ?H?1 mol
?OH),???(??)?????,?????????(endpoint)
35??14.4 ????
- ??????HCl??10.00 mL?????0.100 M?NaOH??12.54
mL???????,???HCl???????? - ??10.00 mL HCl?? 0.100 M?NaOH??12.54
mL?? HCl?????(mol/L) - ???
- HCl(aq) NaOH(aq) ? H2O(l) NaCl(aq)
36 37???????
38??
- ?????????
- HCl(aq) H2O(l) H3O(aq) Cl(aq)
- ????????HCl??
- H3O ?? (H)
- ??????
- ?????????
?????????
39- ??HCl?????????????,??????
40?14.3 ??
?? (hydrochloric acid, HCl) ?? (nitric acid, HNO3)
??? (hydrobromic acid, HBr) ??? (perchloric acid, HClO4)
??? (hydroiodic acid, HI) ??(????) (sulfuric acid, H2SO4)
41??
- ????????????
- ?????????
- HF(aq) H2O(l) H3O(aq) F(aq)
- ?HF??????,??????????H3O?F??,???????????HF???
- H3O ltlt HF
- ?????????
- ????????????????????
42- HF????????,??????HF??????,?????????
43- ??????????????????(????) ??????
- HA(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) A(aq)
- ?
??? - ??H?A?????,???????,????????H?A?????,???????
,?????? - ????
- ????,????????? ,??????
- ????,????? ? ?? ,??????
44?14.4 ??
??? (hydrofluoric acid, HF) ???(????) (sulfurous acid, H2SO3)
?? (acetic acid, HC2H3O2) ??(????) (carbonic acid, H2CO3)
?? (formic acid, HCHO2) ??(????) (phosphoric acid, H3PO4)
45??
- ?????????????
- NaOH(aq) ? Na(aq) OH(aq)
- Sr(OH)2(aq) ? Sr2(aq) 2 OH(aq)
- ?????????NaOH??
- OH ?? ( OH)
- ??????
- ?????????
46?14.5 ??
???? (lithium hydroxide, LiOH) ???? (strontium hydroxide, Sr(OH)2)
???? (sodium hydroxide, NaOH) ???? (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2)
???? (potassium hydroxide, KOH) ???? (barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2)
47??
- ??????????????????????OH
- B(aq) H2O(l) ? BH(aq) OH(aq)
- B ?????????
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq)
- ?NH3??????,???????NH4?OH,???NH3????NH3???
- HO ltlt NH3
- ?????????
48?????????
49????????(self-ionization)
- ????(amphoteric)??
- ??????
- HCl(aq) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) Cl(aq) ?
? - ???????
- NH3(aq) H2O(l) ? NH4(aq) OH(aq) ?
? - ???,????????????,????????
- H2O(l) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) OH(aq)?
? - H2O Û H OH
50???????
- ???25??,???????
- H2O(l) H2O(l) ? H3O(aq) OH(aq)
- H3O OH 1.0107 M (?25C???)
- ????????? H3OOH
- ???????(ion product constant for water, Kw)
- Kw H3OOH
- 1.0107 1.0107
- 1.01014 ?????????????
51????????
- H3OOHKw 1014
- ????(neutral solution)
- H OH 1 x 10-7
- ????(acidic solution)
- H3O gt OH
- H3O gt 1 x 10-7 OH lt 1 x 10-7
- ????(basic solution)
- H3O lt OH
- H3O lt 1 x 10-7 OH gt 1 x 10-7
52(No Transcript)
53??14.7 ????????Kw
- ???????OH,?????????????????
- H3O 7.5 105 M
- ??
- ????
- H3OOH Kw 1.01014
- 7.5105 OH Kw 1.01014
54???????H,?????????????????
55???????H,?????????????????
- Ca(OH)2 0.20 M
- OH- 2 0.20 0.40 M
H1 lt OH-,?????
56pH????????????
57pH
- ????????????????
- pH lt 7 ????
- pH gt 7 ????
- pH 7 ????
58?H3O??pH
- ???pH??
- pH log H3O
- ?? H3O1.5107 M (??)????pH??
- pH log H3O
- log(1.5107)
- (6.82)
- 6.82
- ????????????????????
- log 1.0 103 3.00 (2??? )
- log 10.0 103 3.000 (3??? )
59?14.7 ???????pH?
?? pH
???? 1.03.0
?? 1.82.0
?? 2.22.4
???? 2.04.0
?? 2.83.0
? 2.83.8
?? 2.93.3
?? 3.43.6
?? 3.24.0
?? 4.05.0
?????? 5.6
????? 7.37.4
?? 7.68.0
??(??) 10.5
???? 10.511.5
4 NaOH?? 14
60- pH???????????(logarithmic scale)
- 1?pH????????H3O??10????
61?pH??H3O
??1????? ??210x??
pH logH3O pH logH3O
pH logH3O pH logH3O
invlog(pH) invlog(logH3O) 10pH 10logH3O
invlog(pH) H3O 10pH H3O
62??14.9 ?pH??H3O
??1????? ??210x??
pH logH3O pH logH3O
4.80 logH3O 4.80 logH3O
4.80 logH3O 4.80 logH3O
invlog(4.80) invlog(logH3O) 104.80 10logH3O
invlog(4.80) H3O 104.80 H3O
H3O 1.6105 M H3O 1.6 05 M
63???????pH,?????????????????
- Ca(OH)2 0.0010 M
- OH- 2 0.0010 0.0020 M 2.010-3 M
pH -log H -log (5.0 x 10-12) pH 11.3 pH
gt 7, ?????
64??????pH?????
65????
- ????????????????pH???
- ???????????????????
- ??????????(HC2H3O2)?????????(NaC2H3O2)???
- ???????????????,???????????
- ????????
- NaOH(aq) HC2H3O2(aq) ? H2O(l) NaC2H3O2(aq)
- ??????????
- HCl(aq) NaC2H3O2(aq) ? HC2H3O2(aq) NaCl(aq)
66(No Transcript)
67???????????????????
68?????
- ?????????,?????????
- CO2 H2O ? H2CO3
- ???????,?????????CO2,?pH??????5.6
- ????(fossil fuel, ??,?????),?????????
- ?????CO2, SO2, NO2
- ?????????
- 2 SO2 O2 2 H2O ? 2 H2SO4
- 4 NO2 O2 2 H2O ? 4 HNO3
- ???pH?????4.3
- pH 4.3????H3O?pH 5.6?20 ?
69?????
- ??????,??????????????????
- ?????????????
- ????????????
- ??????????
- ???????????????2000?????????????
- ???????????,????????????,?????????
70- ??????????????????,?????????????????
- ?????1935??,????60??????(?????????)