What is meant by the following statement

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What is meant by the following statement
Presidents dont make new friends. That is why
they have to hang onto their old ones.
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Chapter 6 Presidential Institutions

• AP Government

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Constitutional Basis for Presidency
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The Presidency and the Founding

• Framers of Constitution
• Experience with King of England Royal governors
  -
• Warned Americans of dangers - strong executives.
• Weak executive under Articles of Confederation -
• Highlight problems of governing without a strong
  executive.

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• Alexander Hamilton (Federalists)
• Presidents - decisive and act quickly.
• Remove president from direct popular control.
  (too independent)
• 4 year presidential term
• Limit power and popular control.
• Electoral college
• Barrier to popular control of president.
• Qualifications
• Age 35
• Resident U.S. - 14 yrs
• Natural Born citizen

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Constitutional Powers
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The Constitutional Powers of the Presidency

• Article II
• Presidential powers combined
• - Expressed - stated in the Constitution
• - Delegated - powers from Congress
• - Inherent - powers given to executive
  leadership usually during war

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• Delegated powers - constitutional powers
  assigned to one governmental agency but exercised
  by another agency with express permission of the
  first.

• Inherent powers - powers claimed by a president
  that are not expressed in the Constitution -
  inferred

Presidents expressed powers Defined Article
II, Sections 2 and 3 Several categories -
military, diplomatic, judicial, executive,
legislative.
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Expressed Presidential Powers

• Veto Proposed Bills
• State of the Union address
• Nominate Cabinet positions, SC Justices, Federal
  Judges

• Grant Pardons
• Commander in Chief
• Make Treaties
• Diplomat
• Oversee Executive Branch Departments

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Military Powers

• Article II, Section 2
• Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the
  United States.
• President - highest military authority in United
  States.
• Also, head of intelligence agencies like the
  CIA, the NSC, the NSA, and the FBI.

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Legislative Powers

• President - important role in shaping the
  legislative agenda of Congress.
• Gives to the Congress Information of the State
  of the Union
• - Recommending such Measures as he shall judge
  necessary and expedient
• Power of veto - denying congressional action or
  bargaining with legislative branch.

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LegislativeConsideration

• Legislators deliberating on final passage of bill
  
• May delete certain section - hope to avoid a
  presidential veto
• Example the second face of power.

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Diplomatic Powers

• Article II, Section 3
• Power to receive Ambassadors and other public
  Ministers.
• Expanded diplomatic power includes ability to
  recognize certain world governments as legitimate.

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Judicial Powers

• Article II, Section 2
• Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for
  Offences against the United States, except in
  Cases of Impeachment.
• Amnesty
• Kingly power - subject of controversy.

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Executive Powers

• Executive powers - Article II, Sections 2 and 3
• Section 2 - power to appoint executive officers
  and federal justices and judges.
• Section 3 president sees that laws are
  faithfully executed (most important).

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Other Executive Powers
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Executive Orders

• Increasingly, policy through executive orders
  (Bypass Congress)
• President directs executive branch officials and
  agencies to implement policies in accordance with
  the presidents policy preferences.

• Executive orders are rules or regulations by the
  president that have the effect and formal status
  of legislation.

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Executive Orders Governing By Decree

• Other important policies established by executive
  order
• Purchase of Louisiana
• Annexation of Texas
• Emancipation of slaves
• Internment of Japanese
• Initiation of Affirmative Action
• Creating federal agencies
• FDA, Peace Corps

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More Executive Orders

• Truman - Desegregation of the armed forces based
  on position as Commander-in-Chief.
• President Johnson - implement the 1964 Civil
  Rights Act.
• Sometimes go to far
• Supreme Court ruled against Trumans seizure of
  steel mill during Korean War.

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Examples of Executive Orders

• President Reagans Executive Order No. 12291 of
  1981 provided a reform process that was
  responsible for more deregulation.

• President Nixon established the Environmental
  Protection Agency through an executive order.

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President George W. Bush

• Used executive orders to
• Place limits on embryonic stem cell funding
• Prohibit federal funds for family planning
• Increase domestic energy exploration.

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Presidential Action Signing Statement

• President claims prerogative not to enforce those
  portions of a bill he believed to be
  unconstitutional
• Extending executive power through a technique
  known as a signing statement.

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Delegated Powers

• Congress passes a law and delegates power to the
  president to execute that law.
• Federal government does more in society
• executive authority grows.
• Many powers exercised by the president and the
  executive branch are not found in the
  Constitution
• Products of congressional statutes and
  resolutions.
• Congress created more executive departments and
  agencies
• Congress voluntarily delegated legislative
  authority to the executive branch.

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Federal Agencies

• Develop thousands of rules and regulations.
• Issue thousands of orders and findings per year.
• Sometimes Congress gives specific guidelines
• Tax legislation for the Internal Revenue Service
• Specific and detailed
• Leaves little to the discretion of the IRS.
• Congress defines a broad goal or objective
• Delegates discretionary power to administrators
  in agency.

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• Two other examples of expanding presidential
  powers.
• - Increased foreign policy power to make
  executive agreements Like a treaty not
  require congressional approval.
• - Presidential practice of engaging the U.S.
  military without formal congressional
  declarations of war
• Congress passed the War Powers Resolution in
  1973 over President Nixons veto - attempt to
  curb presidential power.

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• Presidents have employed military power without
  Congresss approval.

• President George H. W. Bush ordered the Panama
  invasion in 1989
• President Clinton ordered the bombing in
  Yugoslavia in 1995, both without Congressional
  authorization.
• Presidents often assert that they do not need
  such authorization.

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Rise of Presidential Government
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Legislative Epoch 1800 - 1933

• Intent of Constitution - legislative supremacy.
• Presidency not closely linked to major national
  political and social forces.
• After Thomas Jefferson, only Andrew Jackson and
  Abraham Lincoln broke the string of weak
  presidents.

• National convention system strengthened the
  presidency.

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Expanding Presidential Power

• From the 19th to the 20th century
• - institutional power of the presidency grew
• - presidents strengthened connections to the
  people.
• Changing conceptions of the importance of the
  president

• - President - direct role in the domestic policy
  agenda
• - Immediacy of modern war and Americas role in
  the world expanded presidential strength.

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Pivotal Presidency

• New Deal Franklin D. Roosevelt became the face
  of the new presidency.

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Presidential Government

• Policy decision shifted to the executive branch
• United States industrialization, urbanization,
  and greater integration of global economy.

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Presidential Government
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Formal Resources of President

• The Cabinet
• The White House Staff
• The Executive Office of the President
• The Vice Presidency

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Executive Departments

• Cabinet
• Modern cabinet composed of the Attorney General
  and the heads or secretaries of the 15 executive
  departments.
• Vice President and 5 others have cabinet rank.
• President appoints but each appointment must be
  confirmed by the Senate.
• Departments Different policy areas.
• All administrative work necessary to enforce laws
  or assist the president in his executive duties.

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Presidential Line of Succession

• Vice President
• Speaker of the House of Representatives
• President Pro Tempore of the Senate
• Secretary of State
• Secretary of the Treasury
• Secretary of Defense
• Attorney General
• Secretary of the Interior
• Secretary of Agriculture

• Secretary of Commerce
• Secretary of Labor
• Secretary of Health and Human Services
• Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
• Secretary of Transportation
• Secretary of Energy
• Secretary of Education
• Secretary of Veterans Affairs
• Secretary of Homeland Security

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The White House Staff or Office

• Mainly analysts, advisors, and special
  assistants.
• Enjoy close relationship with President.
• Small, informal group of close advisors -
  Kitchen Cabinet.
• Staff - executive privilege.
• Confidentiality

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Executive Office of the President

• National Security Council coordinates matters
  of national security across agencies, inner
  cabinet
• Council of Economic Advisors advises on
  economic issues.
• Office of Management and Budget reviews the
  budgetary implications of federal programs and
  legislation.
• Council on Environmental Quality - Environmental
  issues
• White House Office important personal and
  political advisors to the president - legal
  counsel, presidents personal secretary, and the
  chief of staff. Takes care of presidents
  personal needs and manages the press.

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• Expanding White House Staff
• 50 members under FDR
• Over 500 in todays White Houses.
• Increased specialization and expertise
• Greater capacity to collect data.
• Growing executive administration empowers the
  president as the chief executive. (CEO)
• To effect policy, Presidents increasingly use
• appointment powers
• executive reorganization
• executive orders

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Vice President

• Two purposes
• To preside over the Senate and cast the
  tie-breaking vote when necessary.
• Succeed the president in case of death,
  resignation, or incapacitation
• Serve as diplomat representing the president,
  take part in policy meetings, help raise funds
  for their party
• Main value political for electoral purposes.

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President

• In 1800s, when Congress was Americas dominant
  institution of government
• Congress treated the president with distain.
• Today president has expanded power.
• Three ways expanded power
• Political Party
• Popular mobilization
• Administration

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Popular Mobilization

• Presidential Coattails Close tie to popular
  president good for Congressmen.
• Public Support Public opinion is an incredibly
  powerful tool of persuasion
• Public Approval Higher Presidents rating, more
  support in Congress.
• President elected by a large margin - Congress
  more likely to support legislation proposed early
  in his term.

Fireside Chats
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• 20th century - presidents expanded their
  connections to the people
• popular presidential campaigning
• Televised conventions and then primary elections
• Progression of selection - caucus to convention
  to primary

• Popular campaigning through the mass media
• - Claim electoral mandates for their policy
  agendas.
• Permanent Campaign